Then “dismisses” by the judge, who has a little more flexibility than in a civil law system, in order to create an adequate remedy at the end of the case. In these cases, lawyers come to court and try to convince others on legal and factual issues and play a very active role in court proceedings. And unlike some civil jurisdictions, common law countries such as the United States prohibit anyone other than a fully licensed attorney from creating legal documents of any kind for another person or entity. It is only the domain of lawyers. Lawyers still represent the interests of their clients in civil proceedings, but play a less central role. However, as in common law systems, their duties generally include advising clients on legal matters and preparing pleadings for filing with the court. But the importance of oral arguments, court presentations and active pleading before the courts is less important than a common law system. In addition, non-procedural legal tasks, such as preparing wills and drafting contracts, may be entrusted to quasi-legal professionals who serve businesses and individuals and who cannot have postgraduate legal training or be admitted to court. Each country has its own traditions and policies, so it is important for those who want to learn more about the role of lawyers in a particular country to do additional research. 6Trust in the national government is highest in Tanzania. About nine in ten people in Tanzania (89%) trust their government to do what`s right for their country, including 48% who say they have “a lot” confidence. Globally, a median of only 14% expresses “a lot” of confidence in their national government to do the right thing. And in 10 countries – Chile, Spain, Peru, France, Brazil, Lebanon, Mexico, South Korea, Greece and Italy – 5% or less of respondents express this trust in their national government.
In civil law countries, judges are often referred to as “investigators”. They usually take the lead in laying charges, establishing facts by questioning witnesses and applying remedies contained in legal texts. This chapter develops a working definition of the law and legal system that is used throughout the book. The law is the set of rules and regulations applied by the government. However, formal law is only one part of a larger legal system that encompasses the structures, substance, and culture that bring law to life in books. Together, the law and the legal system function both as a method of social control and as a means of settling disputes. The final part of the chapter situates the American legal system within the broader realm of civil law and the common law system around the world. The original Department of Education was established in 1867 to collect information on schools and education that would help states build effective school systems. Although the name and location of the agency within the executive branch has changed over the past 130 years, this early focus on information about what works in education for teachers and education decision-makers continues to this day. Adjacency is the most common rule imposed by states: according to the state constitution or law, 45 states require that at least the districts of one house be contiguous.
Similarly, 18 states declared their congressional districts to be contiguous. (The smaller number reflects the fact that few states have explicit legal restrictions on congressional districts. In practice, the vast majority of congressional districts—perhaps each in the 2020 cycle—are drawn as contiguous.) If the above three minimum conditions are met, the courts consider “the totality of the circumstances” to determine whether the minority vote has been watered down. The Senate Report on the Passage of the Voting Rights Act. Most of these circumstances are related to the level of historical or contextual discrimination. One factor that has been highlighted as particularly important is approximate proportionality: whether minorities have the opportunity to elect representatives of their choice in a number of constituencies roughly proportional to the proportion of minority voters in the total population. Article 2 does not guarantee proportionality. But if a minority with 20 percent of a state`s eligible population could already elect representatives in 20 percent of the state`s counties, the courts will be reluctant to find a violation of Article 2 even if all three conditions are met. And if the minority does not have such an opportunity, the courts will often be more inclined to find a violation. The courts have largely articulated the meaning of section 2 after the plans have been developed and challenged, so that the above criteria are formulated retroactively. For those who draw the lines and try to avoid legal problems, the usual technique is to protect significant minorities in racially polarized areas by drawing county boundaries so that those minorities have the functional ability to elect a representative of their choice. This means that the federal contribution to elementary and secondary education is about 8%, which includes funding not only from the Department of Education (DE), but also from other federal agencies such as the Department of Health`s Head Start program and the Department of Agriculture`s school lunch program.
3The Vietnamese are the most willing to support a military regime among the countries studied. Seven out of ten Vietnamese say a military regime would be a good way to govern. But a larger majority (87%) of Vietnamese support representative democracy, while another large majority (73%) support direct democracy and 67% support a system in which experts, unelected officials, make decisions based on what they think is best for the country. Of the five different forms of governance tested by the survey, only one – the rule of a strong leader without judicial or parliamentary interference – faces more resistance (47%) than support (42%) in Vietnam. These population figures are calculated based on the total number of people in each state, including children, non-citizens, and others who are not eligible to vote.