Parents can lose their legal rights to a child, either by voluntarily renouncing their rights or by separating parental rights by the state. A parent who has lost or abandoned rights over a child can still be called a parent, but is no longer legally recognized as a parent. Parental rights are intended to protect and ensure the well-being of one or more children. Parental rights vary considerably from state to state. In any event, a court will interpret parental rights in terms of the best interests of the child. The legal concept of parental rights generally refers to a parent`s right to make decisions about a child`s education, health care and religion. If the parents are separated or divorced, these rights may extend to custody and access. Although these rights may be automatic in some family structures, such as parents married at the birth of the child, one of the parents may be required to apply for these rights in court, as in cases of disputed paternity. The court may also allow a parent to make important decisions for the child, such as educational and medical decisions, but deny that parent custody.

This may be the case in cases where the court finds it to be in the best interests of the child to be placed with one parent above another for a variety of reasons. Being with the children means that the custodial parent provides parental care every day, while the other parent does so remotely. However, the non-custodial parent must be consulted on all important decisions concerning the children. If a parent`s parental rights have been revoked, it means that they are no longer considered the child`s legal parent. This means that they must lose all legal rights, privileges and parental responsibilities they had over the child. In other words, that parent loses all parental rights and must not have access, custody or the right to make medical or educational decisions about the child. Custody is the right of parents to make decisions about the child`s upbringing, including educational and medical decisions. It is customary for a court to grant joint custody to parents so that they can participate in the decision-making process. The father and mother whose DNA is carried by a child are usually referred to as the child`s biological parents. Legal parents have a legal family relationship with the child, but do not need to be related by blood, for example in the case of an adopted child. Here are some situations in which a parent may seek the advice of a judge: A step-parent is a person who has a legal affinity with another by being the parent of the spouse of the other.

Many cultures and legal systems impose duties and responsibilities on those bound by this relationship. A person is a son-in-law or daughter-in-law of the spouse`s parents, who in turn are also the parents of the sisters-in-law (if any) who are the spouse`s siblings (as opposed to the siblings` spouses). Together, the members of this family affinity group are called in-laws. [1] Parents` rights in these cases are often referred to as custody. The two main types of detention are physical custody and legal custody. The rules on who is the legal parent of a child are set out in the Filiation Act. The legal parent of a child is not automatically responsible for that child. And the person responsible for a child is not always the legal parent. If you are responsible for a child, you have the right and duty to educate and care for that child. It is very important that parents clearly define their traditional parental rights as well as the remaining parental rights.

As mentioned above, the remaining parental rights often arise from situations of divorce or legal separation. In addition to child custody, a non-biological parent may have the same rights as a biological parent as long as they are legally recognized as the child`s parent. There are even cases where a non-biological parent may receive more parental rights than the biological parent. This may be the case in cases where the biological parent is unable to exercise parental obligations for reasons such as imprisonment, incapacity or neglect. Yes, it is extremely important to have the support of a duty lawyer for any parental rights you may have. It is important that you understand and be aware of the rights you have with regard to your child`s education. Your lawyer can help you determine your rights and make sure they are protected. Parents may also temporarily delegate parts of their parental authority, such as custody, supervision or parenting, to someone else.

This happens, for example, when a babysitter takes care of the children. What is parental custody and what happens if the parents separate? Parents may also be legally responsible for their children`s behavior. State laws can vary, but from the time a child is about 8 years old and until they reach the age of majority (18 in most states), parents can face civil lawsuits or even criminal penalties for a child`s negligent or criminal acts. In civil cases, if the neglect of one child causes harm to another, the parents may be ordered to pay damages or reparation. In the criminal sense, parents could be punished for delinquency or absence of their children from school, gun crime or cybercrime. In this section you will find information about parents` responsibility for their children`s actions, forfeiture of parental rights and much more. Whether you need to learn the basics of parental responsibility, how to formally end parental rights, need resources to help children struggling with issues like divorce or adoption, or just want to know the basics of child-related tax deductions, use the following resources to learn more. There are many facets to parenting. Two of these are parents` rights regarding the ability to see and educate their children and the responsibility they have to support their children and their children`s actions. Not all families are the same, so it can be difficult to determine these rights and responsibilities.

This level of uncertainty is the rarest and most temporary, as additional information and analysis can turn a level 4 into level 3, then level 2, and so on. Using this information, you can create cash flow forecasts that you can use to predict where you will be financially after a certain amount of time. In short, the more financial information you have, the less financial uncertainty your business will be. Fortunately, the uncertainty of the fourth stage is not common and usually turns into lower levels after sufficient time. Business uncertainty has shown us that we can`t always predict what the future holds. But that doesn`t mean we can`t take steps to be better prepared when uncertainty undoubtedly arises. San Diego-based CandyMeUp is a small candy store that knows a thing or two about the power of panning. Frank Knight wrote about it in 1921 in an excellent book called Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (which you can read here). He distinguished between two types of uncertainty.

The first type is if we know the potential results in advance, and we can even know the chances of those results in advance. Knight calls this kind of risk uncertainty. These strategies used back then can also be used by today`s startups to survive uncertain times. Let`s review some examples of startups that have successfully navigated business uncertainty and see how they have applied these strategies. Let`s say your small business wants to tap into an emerging market. The software sold by your company is not yet widely used, although market research shows a high consumer demand for the features it provides. However, the lack of available data on specific aspects such as platform, interface, price, and ideal consumer demographics makes it difficult to narrow down the scope of customer penetration or competitive positioning, leaving you with a wide range of potential sales to ill-defined consumers who may or may not be willing to pay a certain price for the features and formats you offer. As with Level 2, the more information that can be locked, the clearer your potential options become.

Companies cannot control all the variables that influence future results, such as decisions made by government agencies. Companies often use different methods to identify and capture uncertainties. For example, the estimated market value adjustment method can affect cash flow and the overall value of a business. An entity could selectively disclose disclosure documents about uncertainties related to its viability, but choose not to reflect that uncertainty in its financial statements. Companies tend to offer subjective assessments of uncertainties and related predictions. A high or complex level of uncertainty often requires the use of financial experts to objectively examine and assess the existence and impact of uncertainties. Uncertainty differs from risk in that risk can be measured in terms of the probability that something will go wrong, while uncertainty cannot be measured. This level of uncertainty is likely to occur in emerging markets during and after major technological, economic or social disruptions.

For example, the travel industry could face level four uncertainty due to the impact of the pandemic. Gail Sessoms, a grant writer and nonprofit consultant, writes about issues related to nonprofits, small businesses, and personal finance. She volunteers as a court-appointed child advocate, has experience in social services, and writes about issues that matter to families. Sessoms holds a Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Studies. The inability to consistently predict how government policy can change and potentially affect your business is at the heart of what`s known as political uncertainty. A particular policy change could have unintended consequences for businesses and force them to adapt to that unintended change. For example, 2020 was a particularly challenging year for businesses due to unexpected changes in the economy and industries caused by COVID-19. What are the chances of your new idea being successful? If so, what will be the return for you? In business, uncertainty occurs when there is a lack of information, making the future difficult to predict. Business uncertainty refers to situations in which companies are exposed to risks that cannot be predicted or measured.

In these times, it can be difficult for companies to predict their performance due to unprecedented or ever-changing events. Changes in the political, technological, economic and environmental landscape – such as technological advances, data breaches, natural disasters or new business regulations – can lead to uncertainty. You can also conduct experiments in which you “test” the strengths of your business plans. The founders of Pluto decided to focus on “preserving money” to ensure that their business could be maintained until there were new fundraising opportunities. They have also expanded their business offering by launching a “Bring Travel Home” blog series and developing a new Pluto bulletin board product that allows users to share travel recommendations. Fortunately, there are a few things we can do. It is important to manage uncertainty effectively, as it allows us to go where the opportunities lie. Here are some strategies: Keeping track of your finances is one of the best ways to deal with uncertainty in the market.

Beginning with Michael Reddy`s work in his 1979 article “The Conduit Metaphor,” many linguists today reject that there is a valid way to distinguish between a “literal” and “figurative” mode of language. [29] The words you use in written and oral communications are a form of expression. The types of language you use often depend on what you want to convey. Sometimes the goal is to be direct and get straight to the point, to express exactly what you want to say. In other cases, the goal is to get the reader to think or draw a conclusion. It is important to distinguish what a sentence means (i.e. its literal meaning) and what the speaker means in the sentence utterance. We know the meaning of a sentence once we know the meaning of the elements and the rules for combining them. But of course, speakers often mean more or something else than what the actual sentences they speak mean.

That is, what the speaker means in the utterance of a sentence can deviate in various systematic ways from what the sentence literally means. In borderline cases, the speaker could pronounce a sentence and mean exactly and literally what he is saying. But there are all kinds of cases where speakers pronounce sentences and mean something else or even incompatible with the literal meaning of the sentence. Unlike figurative language, literal language means exactly what it says. No metaphors, no parables, nothing. Nada. Imagery can take various forms, such as allegory or metaphor. [9] Merriam-Webster`s Encyclopedia of Literature indicates that figurative language can be divided into five categories: similarity or relationship, emphasis or euphemism, sound figures, verbal games, and errors. [10] “When his wife asks him if he would like his bowling shoes to be laced over or laced, Archie Bunker answers with a question: `What`s the difference?` A reader of sublime simplicity, his wife responds by patiently explaining the difference between the strings and the strings underneath, whatever it is, but only provokes anger.

“What`s the difference” didn`t ask about the difference, but means, “I don`t care about the difference.” The same grammatical model produces two mutually exclusive meanings: the literal meaning questions the term (difference), whose existence is denied by the figurative meaning. (Paul de Man, Allegories of Reading: Pictorial Language in Rousseau, Nietzsche, Rilke and Proust. Yale University Press, 1979) How do we deal with metaphorical statements? The standard theory is that we deal with non-literal language in three steps. First, we get the literal meaning from what we hear. Second, we test the literal meaning in relation to the context to see if it fits it. Third, if the literal meaning does not make sense with the context, we look for an alternative, metaphorical meaning. Imagery uses words or phrases whose meaning is different from literal interpretation. In contrast, figurative language uses different linguistic figures to make content more persuasive or to achieve greater impact. Figurative language uses figures of language such as metaphors, parables, or an oxymoron to make the message more meaningful. A writer uses visual language to create more interesting and often colorful content. Literal language is often used in the fields of science and research. You might consider using literal language when writing a term paper on the flaws of alternative energy solutions.

If you are writing a paper in chemistry class, using precise and simple language would be the best option. Literary language should be used when the purpose is to give an explicit explanation. Authors use literal language when they want to convey their point of view directly. One prediction of this three-step model is that people should ignore the non-literal meanings of statements whenever the literal meaning makes sense, as they never have to move to the third step. There is evidence that humans are unable to ignore non-literal meanings. That is, the metaphorical meaning seems to be treated at the same time as the literal meaning. (Trevor Harley, The Psychology of Language. Taylor & Francis, 2001) “The sea, the great unifier, is man`s only hope. Today, the old phrase has a literal meaning like never before: we are all in this together. (Jacques Cousteau, National Geographic, 1981) Literal language expresses ideas in a simple and specific way. We are not dealing here with symbolism or metaphor, but only with a font that is presented objectively. Only the direct facts.

You`ll see literal language most often in journalism, news reporting, and history (although, of course, just because the information is presented in a literal and factual way doesn`t mean it`s necessarily true or objective). Literal language is used in both spoken and written language. To realize these forms of pictorial language, you can integrate different types of literary means. Literary means include parable, metaphor, personification, onomatopoeia, oxymoron, exaggeration, allusion, idiom, alliteration, irony, pun, and sarcasm. Illustrated and textual worksheets can be found online as PDF documents. Literal and figurative are two words that we often see in relation to language and writing. In linguistics, these words function as antonyms, that is, they have opposite meanings. Literal language says exactly what you want to say, while figurative language is more sophisticated, using literary techniques or figures of speech such as exaggeration, personification, metaphors, etc. In this article, we will take an in-depth look at the main difference between literal and figurative language. Literal language is often simple, straightforward and therefore readers find it easy to understand.

“It`s very helpful when you`re young to learn the difference between `literally and figuratively.` When something literally happens, it actually happens; When something happens figuratively, it feels like it`s happening. For example, if you literally jump for joy, it means that you are jumping in the air because you are very happy. If you are figuratively jumping for joy, it means that you are so happy that you could jump for joy, but save your energy for other things. The Baudelaire orphans return to Count Olaf`s neighborhood and stop at Judge Strauss, who welcomes them and lets them choose books from the library. Violet chose several on mechanical inventions, Klaus chose several on wolves, and Sunny found a book with many pictures of teeth in it. Then they went to his room and snuggled on a bed and read intensely and happily. Figuratively speaking, they escaped Count Olaf and their miserable existence. They did not literally escape, for they were still in his house and subject to Olaf`s evil in a loco parentis manner. But by immersing themselves in their favorite reading topics, they felt far removed from their predicament, as if they had escaped.

In the situation of orphans, of course, pictorial escape was not enough, but at the end of an exhausting and hopeless day, it had to be enough. Violet, Klaus and Sunny read their books and hoped in the back of their minds that their pictorial escape would soon become literal. (Lemony Snicket, The Bad Beginning or Orphans! HarperCollins, 2007) Imagery is often used in the literature. Literal and figurative language is a distinction in certain areas of language analysis, especially stylistics, rhetoric, and semantics. Gregory Currie observed that the “literal meaning of the literal meaning” is as vague as that of “hill.” But just as vagueness is not an objection to the claim that there are hills, it is not an objection to the claim that there are literal meanings. (Image and Spirit, 1995). On the other hand, figurative language may require interpretation on the part of the reader. This language tends to be more complex and not always very simple. Imagery often uses symbolism that asks the reader or listener to think beyond the written words. This type of language uses literary means instead of relying on the actual meaning of words or sentences.

The literal meaning is the most obvious or non-figurative meaning of a word or words. A language that is not perceived as metaphorical, ironic, hyperbolic or sarcastic. Contrast with the pictorial meaning or the non-literal meaning. Name: literal. “Dictionary definitions are written literally. For example, “It`s time to feed the cats and dogs.” This term “cats and dogs” is used literally, because animals are hungry and it`s time to eat. “Visual language paints images of words and allows us to `see` a point. For example: “It`s raining cats and dogs!” Cats and dogs don`t really fall from the sky like rain. This expression is a sentence. (Maryland High School Assessment Passed, 2006) Imagery can take shape in five specific ways: Literal language is used in documents that contain direct information.

(Examples; Before the 1980s, the standard “pragmatic” model of understanding was widely adopted. In this model, it was thought that the receiver would first try to understand meaning as literal, but if no adequate literal conclusions could be drawn, the receiver would seek a pictorial interpretation that would allow understanding. [27] Since then, research has raised doubts about the model. Tests have shown that figurative language is understood at the same speed as literal language; And so the premise that the recipient first tried to process a literal meaning and reject it before trying to process a figurative meaning seems wrong. [28] Imagery is more elaborate than literal language, and this type of writing is often used in literary works.

n. Contact, connection or mutual interest between the parties. The term is particularly important in contract law, which requires “privacy” when one party to the contract can enforce the contract through legal action against the other party. Thus, a tenant of a real estate buyer cannot sue the former owner (seller) of the property for failure to carry out the repairs guaranteed by the contract of purchase of the land between the seller and the buyer, since the tenant was not “in privacy” with the seller. There is another type of deprivation known as a succession privilege. In general, this type of privacy refers to real estate. For example, the relationship between tenants and landlords is considered succession. The bond between a lifelong tenant and a reverenist is also a form of intimacy of the estate. Release by extension requires the application of a patrimonial secret.

The relationship between an ancestor and his heir is called the secret of blood. In most cases, the secret of blood is involved in a person`s inheritance. The concept of blood intimacy was once a very important part of the law of filiation. One of the blows to the legal profession is that it uses terms that are unclear or indecipherable to the rest of the population. One of these terms is “privacy.” It is thrown into some circles, with a less-than-complete understanding of what the term means and how it can be applied. In general, the term “private life” refers to a close, direct or successive relationship; someone who has a mutual interest or right. For the landlord/tenant, a landlord and tenant have both a “contract secret” and an “estate secret”. There are significant differences between the two types of privacy protection. Relatedness refers to a connection or connection between the parties to a particular transaction. The contractual relationship is the relationship that exists between two or more parties to an agreement. Secrecy of ownership exists between a lessor and a tenant, and possession is the relationship between the parties who successively own property.

In its most basic form, privacy is a link between two parties. However, privacy can also be used to refer to a contract or the mutual interest of two people. Relatedness is one of the most important terms in contract law. These laws require the existence of secrecy so that one party has the opportunity to take legal action against the other party if it does not comply with its contractual obligations. If two or more parties in a contract are private, all parties are bound by the contract and connected in some way. For example, a party may receive remedies for breach of contract or enforcement as a result of the contractual relationship. Both parties in a landlord-tenant relationship should have a clear understanding of the concept of privacy and how it may affect the rights and obligations of the parties if a third party is brought into the relationship. In Hong Kong, the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Ordinance provided for a similar legal effect to the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999. Direct participation is not always a prerequisite for privacy. For example, you could have a relationship with one of the parties, such as in the spouse of a person named in the inheritance. You may also have an identical interest in one of the people named in the contract. In these cases, you would be private, even if you were not named in the original contract.

If privacy exists, both parties have certain rights as well as the ability to enforce those rights. For example, both parties to the contract with Privity can take legal action to force performance of the contract or obtain remedies in case of breach of contract. The connection can exist or occur in the long term when two parties are related for a particular transaction. If someone is private, it means that they have entered into a contract with another person. Another way to understand intimacy is through a connection between two people. 3 min read The premise is that only contracting parties should be able to take legal action to enforce their rights or claim damages as such. However, this doctrine has proved problematic because of its impact on contracts for the benefit of third parties who are unable to enforce the obligations of the contracting parties. In England and Wales, doctrine has been significantly weakened by the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999, which created a statutory exception to privacy (enforceable rights of third parties). Connectedness is essential to a contract. If there is no privacy, that is, there is no relationship between the two parties, there is no way to enforce the contract. This means that in the event of a breach of contract, the lack of confidentiality would prevent the aggrieved party from taking legal action against the party who broke the contract. The connection becomes important when a tenant decides to assign his lease to a third party.

Unless the assignee agrees to take over the lease, there is no privacy between the landlord and the assignee. Therefore, neither can enforce the lease against the other. In assignment situations, the landlord usually agrees to the assignment and confidentiality is not an issue. However, there are situations where the landlord is not aware of the assignment and the assignee does not take over the lease. Apart from the fact that this usually constitutes a delay in the lease, there is no relationship between the landlord and the new “tenant” and neither can enforce the terms of the lease against the other. If a contractual relationship requires legal action, it will often be sued in a civil court rather than a criminal court. In a civil court, any compensation awarded to the plaintiff is monetary, while in a criminal court, the decision of the judge or jury may result in imprisonment. However, both types of judicial proceedings are contingent on the fact that they are part of the public record, which allows other citizens to investigate the case and know the terms of the judges` verdict or an agreement reached.

Louis M Brown International Client Counselling Competition www.clientinterviewing.com/iccc/index.asp An interview should have a logical sequence and structure without being too rigid. There should be flexibility so that the client can be treated as an individual with a unique set of issues and not just as a legal issue. Remember that effective customer interview technique creates a positive atmosphere between you and the customer. It is impossible to give good advice without first listening to your customer. Listening is actually quite difficult because it involves a deep mental analysis of what you have heard. Effective listening, therefore, involves not only hearing what is being said, but also the way things are said and the body language displayed during the saying. Interviewing clients is one of the most important skills required of a lawyer, but law students rarely spend much time practicing it. Your own behavior is also important. Think about what you do when the customer speaks.

Do you show interest or do you seem bored? Be sure to avoid looking down or away, looking at your watch, or scribbling on your notepad. Tip: Silence can be an effective way to think about what you`re saying. Tip: Keep in mind that legal action isn`t always the only course of action needed. An interview is not the same as a conversation: it has a purpose. In an initial conversation, this goal is to identify the nature of the customer`s problems. A client will describe the nature of their problem and the effective interviewer will look for the salient information. Remember that it is ultimately the customer who gives the instructions! In a legal context, a lawyer should be able to give options. Customers may worry about how much it will all cost, including your fees, so you should discuss this with them as well. The other big concern for customers is not knowing what`s going on. Never mislead a customer into thinking that everything is fine when it is not. While you don`t want to scare an already desperate customer, you need to be honest in your assessment of the situation.

The general purpose of a legal discussion is to give your client the opportunity to make a decision on what course of action to take. By combining the results of listening and interviewing, you should be able to identify the customer`s problem and the possible solutions available. Empathy is difficult to define, but essentially involves the interviewer trying to understand the customer`s experience and impact on them. Empathy develops through effective interviewing techniques. Keep in mind that you will be interviewing people from across the social spectrum, some of whom may have acted in a way with which you morally disagree. As a lawyer, it is not up to you to judge the client. You need to make your verbal and body language reflect this non-judgmental attitude. You should try to evaluate the customer`s behavior while they are talking. Are they nervous, anxious, agitated, or talking too fast? If so, try to calm them down.

Are they reluctant to open up and reveal information? If so, try to calm them down and encourage them to share their thoughts. Do they spend too much time focusing on irrelevant points? If so, try to direct them to the important issues. Tip: Paraphrasing or summarizing information is a useful way to highlight areas where more information or evidence is needed. Oklahoma Bar Association on the first customer interview www.okbar.org/members/map/articles/interview.htm solve problems and tell stories; the lawyer`s personality and hidden feelings; the establishment of an employment relationship; retrieval of facts (interviews); theories and models to support relationships; interventions and capacities; place, space and territory; power-sharing and collaborative decision-making; moral dimension; Understanding each other However, remember that your role is to advise, that is, to present these potential solutions to the client, but let them ultimately decide what course of action they want to take. Thomas L. Shaffer, Notre Dame Law SchoolFollow James R. Successful job interviews require the right atmosphere and empathy. To calculate the total number of stars and the percentage distribution per star, we do not use a simple average. Instead, our system takes into account things like updating a review and whether the reviewer purchased the item on Amazon. It also analyzed reviews to check for reliability.

Customers often present information in a disorganized or inconsistent manner. The survey allows you to investigate a little more about the issues raised by the customer. *Please note that this information is provided for planning purposes only and should not be used for the schedule of a specific semester. Faculty vacation and sabbaticals, as well as other program of study considerations, sometimes affect when a course can be offered. Effective Survey gets the information you need to provide the client with comprehensive and informed advice so they can make the right decisions about the action you want to take on their behalf. Tip: Empathy instead of sympathy – You don`t have to feel sorry for the customer, you just need to understand their situation and needs. Summarize the following types of questions in no more than 50 words each. Give one example at a time: Tip: The answer to the last discussion point above is usually to take notes or ask questions/ask the speaker for clarification while listening. These are two great ways to help you get the most out of listening. List three different actions a client could potentially take that have nothing to do with the law. A client can only make the right decision if the advice is clear, so be sure to: Tip: Different clients have different ways of presenting information.

For example, a business customer may behave very differently from a street customer.

It is important to enter into leases for more than one year. It is not necessary to provide one year or less of leases in writing. (iii) the amount calculated or to be calculated as taxes under the Bengal Agricultural Income Tax Act 1944 by that leaseholder or raiyat cultivation in respect of income from such land; And over time, when the power of the grampradhanas (village chiefs) was severely reduced, many of them were converted into local talukdars. These talukdars collected income from herders at the rate set by the government and paid it to the upper landowners, also known as zamindars, although they received part of the collection as compensation. The government could lease Khas` land to other people on fixed incomes. The tenants of this land could cultivate it themselves or have it cultivated by bargadars (sharecroppers) who had no right to the land, except to obtain half of the produce. State scholarship holders such as the Jagirdars and Aymadars could also lease their land to others on the basis of a lease, but they could not interfere with the ownership of farmers whose land was included in their respective grants, except to obtain the lease from them. The Khatiyan (Chittagong Hill Tracts) Ordinance 1984 provided for the first time for the surveying and preparation of khatiyans on behalf of the landowners of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. The Emergency Property Requisition Act 1989 provides for the confiscation of property to deal with any emergency situation caused by flood, dilapidation, etc. Bangladesh`s Debt Settlement Act of 1989 provided for the establishment of a debt settlement board in each thana to assist poor farmers who were forced to transfer their land to creditors in various ways, including selling up to one acre of land at a price of up to 30,000 taka. and to return ownership of such land to the transferor.

that deals with the same thing as a hypothec or declares it null and void. Land is a fundamental factor for agricultural production and therefore directly linked to food security. Security of land interests is therefore an important basis for social and economic development. In addition, securing land rights is particularly important for the security of vulnerable groups, such as the poor, women and indigenous peoples. Land law is an essential branch of law in Bangladesh. It occupies a very important place in the legal system of Bangladesh. Nearly 80 per cent of disputes that result in backlogs in the subordinate court system involve land. Most of the cases pending before the Bangladeshi courts directly or indirectly concern land issues.

However, the land tenure system in Bangladesh is largely based on ancient laws enacted during the British and Pakistani periods. Thus, in order to secure the land rights of ordinary people and minimize land disputes, the current land management administration should be reformed without undue delay. Although the rights and obligations of tenants of non-agricultural land prior to the acquisition of rent were governed by the provisions of the Non-Agricultural Tenancies Act, 1949, after the acquisition of such interests by the Government, those tenants would be governed by the provisions of that Act, unless otherwise specified in Part V. With the exception of the assessment of rent, the increase and decrease in the same rights and obligations of other non-farm tenants would be governed by the terms of the lease deed and the provisions of the Transfer of Property Act of 1882. The sublease of agricultural and non-agricultural land would be null and void and would be confiscated and transferred to the government. No agricultural or non-agricultural lease rights would be created in a Khas land of a State by the mere payment of a premium or lease unless a deed of lease is signed and registered by an authority authorized to do so. A bona fide farmer is a person who cultivates his land himself or through family members or servants or agricultural or other workers or partners or bargadar. First, the definition clause in Article 2 seems immature.

For example, the term “land” is defined independently of other laws; The definitions of “agricultural land” and “non-agricultural land” are not harmonized with previous legislation, in particular the State Acquisition and Wetting Act 1950 (SAT Act) and the Non-Agricultural Tenancies Act 1949, nor with case law. (a) For agricultural or horticultural land, including cisterns. When Bengal was conquered by Bakhtiar Khalji in the early 13th century, the rulers simply changed the rate of land income from one-sixth to one-fifth or one-quarter of the produce, payable in cash or in kind. The usual rights of landowners to transfer land at will were not affected by tenants who previously paid rent. But those who paid part of the produce of the land they cultivated as rent or income did not have this right to transfer the land. However, these lands were inherited from the heirs of these tenants and could be cultivated by these heirs under the same conditions as their predecessors. Those who paid rent or cash income were personally liable and could be sued for collection of arrears, but could not be evicted from their land for non-payment of income. Only vacant lots were given like Jagir or Ayma to royal officers instead of their salaries and to religious and scholars for their maintenance. Whoever cultivated a wasteland became its owner, in return for the payment of rent or an estimated income. When the ceiling of land to be retained by a family was raised from 100 bighas to 375 bighas under Pakistani martial law, land ownership per family among average peasant families decreased significantly and the number of landless peasants increased. The Bangladesh government exempted peasants from paying rent for farmland up to 25 bighas per family, reduced the upper limit of land per family to 100 bighas, and provided that surplus government land be transferred to landless peasants for distribution along with other state Khas land.

The reduction of the tenants` lease of the diluted land was maintained, but the right of these tenants to reinstate the land after its reappearance was withdrawn, as these tenants or their heirs had only a preferential claim to settle the land as part of the government`s policy for the establishment of government khas. Every human being depends directly or indirectly on the earth for protection or sustenance. Thus, interest in land laws in Bangladesh is a human right and every human being has natural ownership of land.

Therefore, if the law of the underlying contract and that of the registered office differ, the parties should always explicitly state the law governed by the arbitration agreement. Most major institutions already provide for this in their standard arbitration clauses. Or there could be an explicit reference to the arbitration agreement in the provisions of the applicable law. Nevertheless, Singapore courts must always take into account the particular situation in which there was no choice of law of the main contract. The Supreme Court`s decision in Enka v. Chubb will be persuasive in the Singapore courts if the problem arises. This is a problem that does not arise when the parties choose a legal system that specifically governs the arbitration clause. But, and this is a big but, the parties rarely, if ever, make an express choice distinct from the law that governs an arbitration clause. This can lead to costly litigation that can delay the resolution of the dispute or result in a challenge to an arbitral award. However, the situation may differ in cases where the applicable substantive law prescribed by the conflict-of-laws provisions of Qatari law differs from the law of the registered office under the arbitration agreement. Although these circumstances may be limited in practice, it is not yet clear how the law governed by the arbitration agreement will be determined in these circumstances. In accordance with Article II of the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (`the Convention`), courts may reject a request for referral of the parties to arbitration if the arbitration agreement is “null and void, invalid or unenforceable”.

However, the provision does not specify which law determines this, nor any choice of law rules to follow. Under South African law, the parties to international arbitration are free to agree on the law applicable to the arbitration. If the parties to an international treaty have not agreed on the applicable law, the general rule of South African private international law is to distinguish between procedural and substantive law rules. The procedural law of arbitration is generally governed by the law of the place of arbitration, the International Arbitration Act 2017 in South Africa, and substantive law rules are governed by the law most closely related to the performance of the underlying contract, such as the law of the place where the contract was concluded or was to be performed. In a recent case before the English Commercial Court, Habas Sinai, a representative (contrary to the client`s instructions), entered into a contract without applicable law and an arbitration clause providing for ICC arbitration in London. In the absence of an express provision of the applicable law in the substantive contract, the law of the arbitration agreement would normally be governed by the law of the registered office, i.e. English law. h.

Applicable. It was argued that, in that case, the seat should be ignored because it had been agreed without actual authorization. The applicable law would then be the law most closely related to the material contract, which would be Turkish law (which was the customer`s intention). The second concerns the scope of the principle of validation. The minority limited the application of the principle of validation to cases where the application of the main law of contracts invalidated the arbitration clause. The majority opinion extends the principle to cases where the application of the main law of contracts would “seriously impair” the arbitration clause – for example, in cases where the application of the law of the main contract would limit the interpretation of the arbitration clause. The lex contractus or the applicable law of the contract is the substantive law that applies to the substance of the dispute between the parties. The lex contractus governs the existence, validity and interpretation of the main contract. It also regulates all non-contractual claims (e.g.

tortious actions) which, depending on the scope of the arbitration agreement, may be invoked before an arbitral tribunal. So, is this the end of the “main treaty” versus “seat” debate? Do we now have a clear and definitive statement from English common law as to the correct law of an arbitration agreement that is principled, simple, clear and easy to apply? 84 States and a total of 117 jurisdictions based their lex arbitri on the 1985 UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration and its 2006 revised version (see the statute of the UNCITRAL Model Law here). This has resulted in a welcome degree of uniformity between the different national lex arbitri, which has increased legal certainty and encouraged the use of international arbitration by commercial parties to settle their disputes. For example, in Kabab-Ji SAL (Lebanon) v Kout Food Group (Kuwait) ([2020] EWCA Civ 6), the English court (which applied English law as the law governing the arbitration agreement) found that a party had not become an additional party to an arbitration agreement and refused to recognise and enforce an arbitral award, while in Kabab-Ji SAL (Lebanon) v Kout Food Group (Kuwait) (CA Paris, 23 June 2020, No. 17/22943) refused to set aside the award after applying French law to the arbitration agreement. In the absence of an enforceable legal clause, arbitrators (and courts) are asked to determine the most applicable law, which is normally the law with which the dispute is most closely connected (see also the discussion of the relevance of the Rome I and Rome II Rules in determining the law applicable to the issue of international arbitration). The guidelines included a Brazilian clause and a London-based arbitration clause. An express choice of law applicable to the substantive contract is a strong indication of the intention of the parties with respect to the arbitration agreement, unless other circumstances suggest a different conclusion. This may include the terms of the arbitration agreement itself or the consequences for its effectiveness in choosing the correct law of the substantive contract. Although there were important factors in favour of an implied choice of Brazilian law as the applicable law of the arbitration agreement, two important factors pointed in the other direction.

As Florian Quintard points out in Enka v. Chubb, the parties were negligent in drafting their contract and arbitration clause: the contract contained no applicable law and the arbitration clause did not specify the law governed by the arbitration agreement. The law governed by the arbitration agreement shall decide on matters of formal and substantive validity, formation, termination, interpretation, assignment and waiver of the arbitration agreement. If it is not specified, a choice of law rule is applied to find it. However, the English legal situation is far from clear, as an appeal to the UK Supreme Court is pending. The judgment of the Supreme Court, if it comes, will become the principal English court for the applicable law of an arbitration agreement. Although there are doubts about the previous case law and the English judgment in Enka v. Chubb, who might be of some conviction, we believe that the application of Hong Kong`s conflict-of-laws rules would properly answer the question, so that even if a contract contained a clause on applicable law, the law applicable to the arbitration agreement would be the law of the seat of the arbitration.

Another widely used and very convincing approach is the application of the law of place, which is closely related to arbitration. This happens on a case-by-case basis and can be seen in judgments without being explicitly taken into account, as in the Firstlink case. International legal concepts and principles are also an influential approach. A good example is the interpretation of Article II(3) of the Convention by the Third Judicial District of the United States in Rhône v. Lauro.13 Two Italian parties signed an agreement containing an arbitration clause providing for arbitration in Naples, Italy.

(ii) The fact that all teacher training colleges or pedagogical faculties in Nigeria urgently ensure that none of their graduates receive their certificate without taking a course on “education law” is a policy that must be implemented by all government agencies overseeing teacher training. In discussing in detail the importance of the right to education, it was said that there was a need to carefully broaden that meaning by covering a wider range of topics that could be understood in this way; There are some fundamental sources of education law that are important for teachers, especially in Nigeria. They are below for reasonable understanding; (iv) Teachers are involved in student discipline, and it is important for a modern teacher to know what constitutes a student`s discipline today and what is not. The Commissioner may, at his discretion, create and amalgamate or dissolve such educational institutions. (vi) Seminars, lectures and activities on education law should be organized for teachers. A contract is defined as an agreement between two or more parties by which they reach a “consensus – ad – idem”, which leads to a legal relationship. A contract has been defined more broadly as an agreement that the law will enforce or that the law recognizes as affecting the legal rights and obligations of the parties.[22] The truth about this is that this is a misconception, because a principal needs basic knowledge of the law to succeed. The client must be able to estimate that a large part of his time is spent on legal disputes. Norton[2] has thus shown the importance of the knowledge of the head of school for education law. There are textbooks on education law, but these are mainly found in the United States and the United Kingdom.

In Nigeria, there is hardly any textbook due to low interest in this field of study. It is important to note that in order to understand education law, it is necessary to consider several issues relevant in this regard, such as; In summary, education laws in Nigeria, as in other places, are very important, essential and vital (because of the great benefits they contain) for everyone – students and schools. `adult and non-formal education institution` means a class or assembly of at least ten persons who receive education, remediation, training, vocational, aesthetic, cultural and civic education for young people and adults outside the formal school system; (iv) Guide and regulate stakeholders for effective management of education policy and planning. The UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education (CADE, 1960), the first instrument in the field of the right to education, defines education in Article 1(2) as “all types and levels of education, including access to education, the standard and quality of education and the conditions under which it is provided”. There is a lot to be said about education laws, but you should note the fact that some of them cover all aspects of the education and school system and also look at the sources of funding that educational institutions use to obtain resources. Apart from that, education laws also deal with important things such as the requirements that teachers (as well as other non-teaching staff) must meet if they are to be included in the system. It also determines the stage an employee reaches before showing them the exit door from the system. `(1) The Government shall direct its policy towards equality and adequate educational opportunities at all levels. 8.

The duty of the Commissioner to ensure the education of children. Nigeria`s education laws will ensure that students are better served by the institution they attend. The Nigerian university system has various problems that hinder the flow of quality education through the system. One of the negative effects of this unfortunate situation is that many graduates are half-cooked and not very healthy. They are not fully exposed to some important things that their colleagues value in other parts of the world, and this will prove to limit them unfairly. A National Education Committee was established by the colonial government in 1926. The education departments of southern and northern Nigeria were soon merged into a federal ministry of education. Government planning took place after World War II.

The 1946 Ten-Year Development Plan encouraged a rapid expansion of schools, particularly in the south. In 1951, Nigeria was divided into three regions: northern, eastern and western. Each region had its own education committee and its own Ministry of Education. Four years later, the West took the lead in universal primary education (UPE) by passing a law making primary education free. Two years later, the East made the first three years of primary education free. It must therefore be understood that the situation in question means that if the act is committed outside the school, at home or elsewhere, the school authority is prohibited from sanctioning the student or students, even in the event of a violation of the school`s internal regulations. Students should face their studies, be optimistic and motivated by entrepreneurship, rather than being involved in illegal activities. There are various laws that deal with whether education is equally relevant to each state in the federation, as passed by the state houses of assemblies and approved by the governors. As far as Nigeria is concerned, the Education Act is the part of the country`s law that specifically regulates educational institutions operating within its borders. These educational institutions are not only public institutions, but also private institutions. In addition to all the above points, it is also necessary to note that, as with the admission of new workers to the force, it may be necessary to have more skills in terms of carrying out the necessary checks and ensuring that all the necessary checks are carried out correctly. For an education lawyer, they have what it takes to make sure everything is set up in a way that the hiring process meets today`s standards.

ii) It is necessary for every school to comply with appropriate educational laws and government directives, and these rules must not be violated to avoid sanctions. Curriculum developers and our education administrators need to be familiar with education law, especially the rules and regulations needed to guide the acts and omissions of those who implement policy. CADE and many other international and regional human rights instruments contain provisions on the right to education. Nigeria, which is a signatory to those instruments, has taken steps to comply with those provisions. These measures include the incorporation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child into domestic law and its adoption as the Rights of the Child Act in 2003. This law has not been effective throughout the federation, as only 23 states have transposed it into state laws. The provisions relating to the right to education contained in Chapter 2 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria of 1999, although considered non-justiciable, have been implemented and made justiciable by other national laws such as the Universal Basic Education Act as well as by jurisprudence, inter alia, go in this direction as well. However, education laws can help make things better. But it should be added that compliance with these policies is so important, and if certain measures are taken, we can easily guarantee that no institution in the country will continue to violate any of the legislation. However, the realization of the promotion of the right to education is hampered by problems such as the low enrolment rate of children, especially girls, and the low level of basic education, i.e.

the high drop-out rate, especially among boys in the south-eastern zone of the country, the lack and poor quality of school infrastructure, such as classrooms, water, electricity, toilets and furniture, among others. The concept of education law in Nigeria is not popular because an average teacher in Nigeria does not consider it important for his classroom activities or for his administrative activities or for the benefit of students. The Nigerian teacher does not believe that he or she needs legal knowledge to complete his or her role as a teacher. It remains to be seen whether this idea of lying is true when we address this issue. (d) Monitor, evaluate and report on arrangements for teacher training in formal and non-formal activities; In September 1999, President Obasanjo introduced Universal Basic Education (UBE), which promised free education for all Nigerians up to lower secondary school (grade nine).

Human behavioural skills can also be used in dealing with witnesses or suspects: knowing how to ask questions and ask questions can mean the difference between getting valuable information or making a confession and leaving empty-handed. General law enforcement training includes crime scene handling. This includes how to keep the crime scene intact, how to prepare and present evidence, and what to look for at a crime scene. Mount Wachusett Community College (MWCC) offers an honours degree in criminal justice in law enforcement, giving you the tools and guidance you need to pave the way for a prosperous future in the field. Fortunately, the demand for better-trained law enforcement officers has increased, as has the number of opportunities interested in this field of study. It is now common for students to earn associate and bachelor`s degrees in law enforcement before officially entering the workforce. In addition, many law enforcement professionals take evening or online courses to keep up with the rapidly changing law enforcement environment. In order to enter a criminal justice degree, you must meet certain admission requirements. These requirements differ depending on the type of degree you wish to receive. As a general rule, the higher the degree, the stricter the requirements. An associate degree in criminal justice opens the door to a variety of entry-level jobs in the field, including police officers, crime scene technicians, and paralegals. You can earn this degree in about two years and can usually apply the courses you take to a bachelor`s degree.

This allows you to start gaining work experience locally if you decide to continue your education. The Associate degree program includes a mix of general education courses on general topics such as law enforcement, criminal law, and community relations. You can expect courses for an associate degree in criminal justice to take two to three years to complete. As a judge, you are responsible for the proper functioning of the justice system – navigating cases in the courtroom, directing witnesses to the witness stand, hearing and reviewing witness statements, and ultimately making decisions about criminal activity. While you will have to fight your way to a judge, a criminal justice degree is a good place to start. To become a crime prevention specialist, it is useful to have at least an associate`s degree in criminal justice or a related field. Crime prevention specialists earn an average annual salary of $69,255 [5]. With a degree in criminal justice, there are a lot of jobs. This field offers a variety of rewarding employment opportunities in law enforcement, prisons or the judicial system. And you can work in the public or private sector. As a criminal justice student, you choose from several interesting majors. When choosing your degree program, you may find it helpful to compare some of these majors to find the one that`s right for you.

Check out some examples of popular criminal justice majors and the topics you`ll encounter in their curriculum. The Law Enforcement Associate degree is by far the most popular degree in the field. Indeed, more and more national and local police academies require at least two years of university before a student can be admitted. The Associate Degree Program is a comprehensive but very general program of study that touches on most aspects of law enforcement. These programs require students to have computer skills and often require a lot of written work. As a forensic pathologist, you have the opportunity to study how you can use science to solve crimes. Courses for the major typically include more science courses such as chemistry and biology and how they apply to investigations. Major topics in this area include computer forensics, crime scene investigations, and cybersecurity.

Whether you want to train on-site or behind a desk, you can first enroll in a program to earn your criminal justice degree. Theories of Criminal Behavior: This course allows you to explore theories of criminal behavior placed in their historical and social context. A career in law enforcement can be very rewarding, but it is dangerous and stressful. Students choosing this field of study must understand the risks involved, as well as the physical expectations. Since the lives of many people are often at stake, law enforcement officers working in the field must be in the best physical condition. This includes the ability to track suspects, subdue criminals, and remain calm under pressure. People in this field need to get used to dealing with stressful situations without panic and be able to make good decisions at all times. Those who work in law enforcement must also have a great deal of sympathy and compassion not only for victims of crime, but also for those who are driven to commit crimes (often due to mental illness, violence, and/or poverty). Helping people in this profession means not only protecting them, but also helping them make the right decisions through public awareness and education. Surprisingly, oral and written communication skills are also important, as police officers have to fill out a lot of paperwork and report cases to their superiors.

The ability to work well with a team is also valuable. A clean criminal record is preferred, although in some areas an offence or arrest without conviction does not disqualify an applicant from the police service. Getting into the criminal justice field means you can hold many different positions. Whether you want to continue your training as a lawyer or work in the field of penal rehabilitation, a degree in criminal justice is a good starting point for your academic journey. To become a police officer, you usually need a high school diploma or equivalent. You must also pass written and physical exams and enroll in a police academy for 12 to 14 weeks. State and federal law enforcement officials typically also have college degrees. The average annual salary for a police officer is $69,254 [1]. While police officers make up a large portion of law enforcement professionals, there are many career opportunities to consider. With the wide range of positions available, you can find a job that fits well with your unique interests, skills, talents, and salary expectations: if you`re interested in academia and criminal justice, then forensics and investigations are the field for you. She applies biology, physics, chemistry, engineering and computer science to criminal and civil matters. These professionals can gather evidence that can be used in cases.

Some job titles include: criminologist, forensic scientist, crime scene investigator, poster investigator, and private investigator. This occupation requires at least a high school diploma and training at a police academy. Some police academies require an associate degree in law enforcement, criminal justice or a related subject to be accepted into the academy. See for yourself if studying criminal justice could be a good fit by signing up for Vanderbilt University`s Hot Topics in Criminal Justice on Coursera. Delve into current criminal justice issues in news such as mass incarceration, the death penalty, and the ethics of police surveillance while learning at your own pace. This is an introductory course designed to familiarize students with the field of sociology. In addition to learning important central concepts and theoretical sociological perspectives, students study human group behavior, the organization of social life, the influence of social institutions on individuals, and the process of sociological research. Emphasis is also placed on developing students` “sociological imaginations” – particularly the ability to understand how our individual lives are shaped by broader social forces and institutions. Note: Students taking SOC 122 may not receive SOC 122W credit. Statutory certificate programs are designed for professionals already in the field or for those who wish to take on entry-level positions as security personnel. Law enforcement certificates range from crowd control tactics to homeland security, and are often available online and offered by accredited colleges and universities.

When you graduate with a degree in criminal justice, you will understand the system from the perspective of criminals and victims. Many students choose to pursue the path of becoming a lawyer, but others may enter politics or take an academic position as a criminal justice teacher. A degree in criminal justice is a bachelor`s or master`s degree with courses focused on different parts of the criminal justice system. The courses you take to earn the degree cover topics such as law enforcement, corrections and the justice system, as well as criminal behavior and motivation. Common majors in this field are: Students in the SAGU Criminal Justice program will be equipped with the knowledge and tactics to investigate crimes and understand prison rehabilitation strategies as well as the inner workings of the justice system. This program includes training in skills and ethics and produces graduates who are prepared to face difficult situations with tact, ethics and efficiency. If you have been called to serve in criminal justice, request information today. Careers in law enforcement are very conducive to specialization: the opportunities are vast and depend entirely on the student`s particular interests in the field of law enforcement. In general, one can choose to work for the government (such as a police service) or in the private sector (such as a private investigator). American Political System: Topics covered in this course include the rights and duties of citizens, common problems and solutions in the criminal justice system, and the role of public and private organizations in crime prevention.

All questions and comments are moderated and publicly available. Please do not disclose private or sensitive information such as names, addresses, phone numbers, emails, confidential financial and legal details. Questions and comments will be moderated. Minimum 10 characters. This government document is published by the Department of Revenue for use in Colorado.