Monthly Archives: November 2022

Seduced Definition in Urdu

The word you are looking for gives various related meanings and you can choose the most appropriate word from these according to your desire or ability. www.englishurdudictionarypk.com offers millions of free online words and meanings that stay in touch with us. 1. mislead, as if by duty, righteousness or otherwise; corrupt. 2. persuade or induce sexual intercourse. 3. Lead or walk away, as if on principle, faith or faithfulness: He was seduced by the prospect of gain. 4. Win; attract; Entice: A supermarket that seduces customers with special sales. Seduce is an English word used in many sentences in different contexts. The seductive meaning in Urdu is a گمراہ کرنا – Gumrah karna.

The word seduce is driven by the English language. Seduce the meaning of the word in English and is well described here in English and Urdu. You can use this amazing English-Urdu dictionary online to check the meaning of other words like the meaning of the word Seduire. Related topics: Persuasion: getting someone to adopt a certain position, belief or course of action; Turn someone`s arm. The main focus of this dictionary is on translations from English to Urdu and Urdu to English. In addition, visitors can preserve the meaning of English by using Roman Urdu words through the English alphabet, similar to how Urdu words require an Urdu keyboard, which is available on the page. Origin of Seduire at the end of the 15th century (originally in the sense of “persuading (someone) to abandon his duty”): from the Latin seduce, from se- âaway, apartâ + ducere âto leadâ. Success is a crappy teacher.

It appeals to smart people to think they can`t lose. » Provoke, induce: مسئلہ پیدا کرنا: cause to arise. “Provoke a crisis”. 1. [Verb] جنسی عمل کے لئے منانا2. [Verb] بھٹکنا Own: مناسب: characterized by relevance or accuracy or relevance. “Appropriate medical treatment”. There`s no way such an attractive woman could try to seduce Sheldon Cooper. Consume, have, absorb, absorb, absorb: استعمال کرنا: serve yourself or consume regularly.

“Grab another bowl of chicken soup!” Roman Urdu is commonly used in computer or mobile phone messages, but it is written from the same English alphabet. This method of writing is used for various people who do not speak English correctly or grammatically. Finding the exact meaning of a word online is a bit tricky. There is more than 1 meaning of each word. However, the above meaning of Seduce is reliable and authentic. It can be used in different sentences and synonyms for words Seduce are also given on this page. Dictionary is a useful tool for anyone who wants to learn a new word or find its meaning. This online English-Urdu dictionary is easy to use and carry in your pocket. Similar to the meaning of Seduire, you can also check the meaning of other words by searching for them online. transitive c. In particular, to induce sexual intercourse.

transitively v. to deviate in any way from the path of justice and duty; tempt evil; deceive; seduce and lead to injustice; to be corrupted.

Posted in Uncategorized

Seasick Crocodile Definition

The word “seasickness” means suffering from illness or nausea caused by the movement of a ship at sea. A crocodile is a large semi-aquatic reptile with a long snout full of sharp teeth. If crocodiles were indeed seasick, they would be – a foul-smelling reptile. at least the crocodile didn`t try to steal Christmas, Mr. Grinch, if I had a choice between the two of you, I would take the seasick crocodile. That is the only right answer. Crocodiles can be kept in captivity if properly cared for. But I wouldn`t touch Mr. Grinch with a 39.5-foot pole! Would you believe that Spotify offers over a million Christmas songs? There is something for everyone. The best of them, like Placido Domingo and Luciano Pavarotti`s magnificent “O Holy Night”, are sublime incantations that elevate the human spirit. Some, like Mariah Carey`s “All I Want for Christmas is You,” are banal background noise for department store Santas. And some, like Paul McCartney`s Simply Have a Wonderful Christmas Time, are just a lump of coal in your stocking.

If you`ve misplaced something, stay cool and don`t get hot. Calculatus Eliminatus is your best friend. Calculatus Eliminatus always helps a lot. The way to find something that is missing is to determine where it is not. The Tax Cut and Employment Act of 2017 makes the same expenses, still referred to as “Section 181 costs,” eligible for a 100% bonus write-off under Section 168(k). It also removes the previous cap of $15 million. However, you can`t do your major deprecation until the movie is “put into service,” meaning it`s actually released. And you may not be able to cushion it compared to your W2. At a minimum, net income from filmmaking is eligible for the new deduction from eligible business income. (Even little Cindy Lou, who knows there`s never a “net” in Hollywood accounting.) This entry was posted in Histoire, Unremembered History and tagged 1966 TV Special Grinch, A Seasick Crocodile, Boris Karloff the Grinch, Calculatus Eliminatus, Dr.

Suess Story, The Cat in the Hat, The Grinch, Who Stole Christmas, The Songs of Dr. Suess, Theodor Seuss Hostage, Thurl Ravenscroft The Grinch, You are a mean Mr. Grinch. Fortunately, the tax code gives filmmakers a 391/2-foot pole to keep the IRS at bay. From 2004 to 2016, section 181 allowed you to write off 100% of the declared cost of production once incurred, up to a maximum of $15 million ($20 million in certain economically distressed regions). To qualify, you had to spend at least 75% of your production costs here in the United States. The goal was to fight “runaway production,” where producers take everything else overseas to the last box of Who Hash to film. And it worked by helping domestic productions find funding. There is a Gradunza snitch in the house. Without them, things will never be the same. How much this beautiful Gradunza cared to me. That`s what my old cat dad left me.

This old family gradunza, the old family gradunza with three fingers, the old family gradunza covered with foam and three sockets. It depended on the family tree. I was hit by a fish. The old family of foam-covered gradunza with three handles helps make Alexa smarter on Alexa Answers. Sign up for Amazon Thank you for the interesting article about Dr. Seuss. Our family is and always has been big fans of Dr. Seuss. I love learning something new about him and will share it with my family. Thanks again 🙂 Remakes rarely thrills critics and viewers in the same way as the original.

(The country club Christmas party cover band doesn`t revolve around the Christmas tree like Brenda Lee doesn`t either.) But the 2000 Grinch starring Jim Carrey grossed more than $345 million. And last year`s animation starring Benedict Cumberbatch crossed more than half a billion. So it turns out that the Scrooges of the IRS and various state tax departments don`t care which Grinch steals all those Floo-Floppers and Jing-Tinglers, they just want their share! And the playful tease “Calculatus Eliminatus”: 2019 is coming to an end and the holidays are here. It`s a special time of year, no matter what holiday music brings you in a good mood. And whether you`re partying from the top of Mount Crumpet or somewhere in the village below, we wish you all the best of the season. If I had a choice between the two, I ……….. SICK CROCODILE But there`s one holiday classic that everyone loves, and that`s “You`re a Mean One, Mr. Grinch.” We`re talking, of course, about Thurl Ravenscroft`s cryptic interpretation of the original 1966 animation. Fifty-three years later, The Grinch plays almost as well as Santa Claus.

And in Hollywood, where imitation is the most risk-averse form of flattery, that means cynical studio executives produce trash remakes every few years, until one day their hearts grow three sizes. Uncle Sam isn`t the only one offering tax breaks to film producers. Many states offer incentives to attract productions to their jurisdictions, as the Grinch lures his dog Max on his sled. Louisiana has surpassed California as the most popular filming location, thanks in part to the Bayou State`s generous 40% tax credit on expenses of up to $180 million. New York is another movie stronghold, where industry titans like Robert DeNiro are investing $400 million in a Queens soundstage that serves every stage of film and television production. If I had every Christmas movie to choose from, I`d probably take “How the Grinch Stole Christmas.” (The original cartoon, of course, because the mere thought of the remake gives me a headache.) Of course, Seuss didn`t write the music, just the lyrics, so his credit lies in the lyrics. He wrote the tunes mainly for television specials and all with Seuss` clever puns and the rhyme pattern of sung songs. For example, in The Cat in the Hat, a 1970 television short film based on his first children`s book, Geisel wrote several songs of his own, including the inflatable cat “The Moss Covered Three-Headed Family Gradunza” Cat, a, in French, cat, chapeau. In Spanish, el gato in a sombrero. It`s a cat with a hat, it`s a conversation in a hat. He is also a gato in a sombrero. Ole, Ole, Ole, Ole-o.

Posted in Uncategorized

Scooters and Bikes Legal

For scooters, even Oregon cities may have different laws. In Arizona, gasoline-powered scooters that produce more than five horsepower are classified as regular motorcycles, and if they don`t have a windshield, you`ll need to wear eye protection while riding. You`re probably familiar with the brightly painted scooters and bikes that are becoming increasingly popular throughout the valley. Here`s what you need to know about how they work, how they are dealt with by law, and security issues. Mopeds, scooters, and e-bikes are treated differently under Arizona law. Punish. Anyone who violates regulations regarding manufacturing standards and classification of bicycles and e-scooters is liable to a Class B Highway Traffic Act violation with a $15 fine and a $6 surcharge. Riding a scooter standing is very different from riding a bike and requires different skills and coordination. Standing scooters can be wobbly and difficult to control. Even at relatively slow speeds, accidents involving pedestrians, other vehicles and stationary objects can result in serious injuries, especially if the driver is not wearing a helmet. The Oregon DMV has a handy guide to help you with the basic differences between bike, scooter, moped, motorcycle, even Segways, pocket bikes and electric bikes. With the help of the latest technology, we treat your bodily injury from start to finish with minimal effort. We are authorised by the Solicitors Regulation Authority and have over 8 years` experience handling motorcycle, moped and scooter claims.

Under Arizona law, scooters with electric motors weighing less than 75 pounds, having handlebars and not exceeding 25 miles per hour will be treated as bicycles and electric bikes. No license, registration or insurance is required. This is one of the reasons why they are so popular. Electric scooter. An electric scooter is defined as a device: the legal and other definition that defines a motorcycle, moped or scooter is the speed at which everyone is able to drive; i.e. the engine/power source. U.S. states may set these transportation limits differently. Local laws regarding e-scooters should not be more restrictive than those regarding Class 1 e-bikes.

However, Arizona`s motor vehicle laws regulate their safe and legal use, and some cities regulate their use due to harassment complaints and an increase in injuries. To ride a moped in Oregon, applicants must pass a moped knowledge test and pass a moped aptitude test. To pass the test of fitness to drive a moped, you must have proof of insurance with you. In addition, a moped must be registered and registered with the DMV in Oregon. Mopeds may or may not have been manufactured or equipped for use on the road. To obtain approval for the legal use of a moped or similar vehicle on Oregon public roads, the vehicle must meet federal road safety and equipment requirements, federal EPA requirements, and insurance requirements. A moped rider must have a DOT certified helmet, cannot carry passengers, and must not travel more than 30 miles per hour. Legally, these are classified as bicycles if their motors consume less than 750 watts and operate at speeds below 20 miles per hour.

Electric bicycles must have a label affixed by the manufacturer indicating the class, maximum speed and power of the bicycle. If someone else is responsible for your accident with an e-scooter or e-bike, you can discuss it with one of our licensed injury attorneys in Mesa. There is no obligation to take legal action if we determine that you have a case. Electric scooters and bikes are becoming increasingly popular with consumers across the country. Electric scooters and shared bikes are available for rent in Tempe, Mesa, and Scottsdale. These eco-friendly vehicles are dockless, battery-powered, and several companies offer them for short-term rental via apps on your smartphone. The rental process is easy if you are at least 18 years old and download the appropriate app. Simply scan your driver`s license and credit card into a smartphone app so you can buy rideshare credit. Once you`ve selected the vehicle you want to rent, use your app to unlock it, and then go.

When you`re done, park it and use your app to lock it. Shareable electric scooters and electric bikes cost around $1 to unlock and the rental fee is around $0.15 per minute in many areas. Routes allowed for electric bikes and scooters. Unless otherwise restricted, Class 1 and Class 2 e-bikes and scooters are allowed on the same cycle and pedestrian paths as conventional bicycles. Class 3 e-bicycles must not be on a bicycle or pedestrian path unless the path is within a road or highway or is approved by a local jurisdiction. Local courts have the power to prohibit the driving of bicycles and e-scooters on all bicycle or pedestrian paths under their jurisdiction. Class one and two e-bikes can be used on bike paths and multi-purpose paths. Class three electric bicycles cannot be used on these routes unless they are located near a motorway or road, or if a local authority authorises it. All you have to do is call us and we will put your claim into service immediately. (5) It is equipped with a drive system that operates only directly or automatically and does not need to be coupled or switched by the operator after the system is turned on. [1983 c.338 §59; 1985 c.16 §19; 1997 c.400 §5; 2001 c.749 §25] Scooter: Gas – Maximum cc=35 Electric – Maximum power=1000 watts In case of limited visibility, approved lighting must be used.

Impossible to drive faster than 24 mph on flat ground. Use may be restricted by local jurisdictions. The minimum age to drive is 16 years. Does not require a driver`s license, registration or insurance. A bicycle helmet is required. Apart from the operator, no passenger is allowed to ride a scooter. The maximum speed allowed is 15 mph. Scooter riders can ride on a bike lane or bike lane, but not on the sidewalk or crosswalk. A scooter driver can be fined for drunk driving if they ride a scooter while intoxicated.

These are treated as bikes under Arizona law if they have an engine of 48cc or less and a top speed of 20 miles per hour. Bicycles that can exceed 20 mph may be considered mopeds or motorcycles Electric cyclists and electric scooters are exempt from the motor vehicle registration and registration requirement. All Colorado e-bikes must comply with one of the three classifications listed in the table below and have a label indicating the bike classification, maximum speed, and motor power. Any modification to an electric bike that changes the speed capability or motor power requires an updated label. According to a study by Consumer Reports, there have been 1,500 injuries since 2017. One person died after crashing into a tree without a helmet. Consumer Reports also found that eight people died while riding a rentable electric scooter since the fall of 2017. A man died in March after crashing into a tree.

Another died while driving after midnight and a child was killed after falling off the scooter he shared with his mother and being hit by another vehicle. Oregon laws regarding licensing, registration, insurance, operator age requirements, and training requirements vary widely and are specific to the mode of transportation. Another safety concern is that these new vehicles were not there when the roads and sidewalks on which they travel were designed and built. According to a March 2019 survey by Consumer Reports, 51% of those who rode an electric scooter did so on a sidewalk, 26% on a bike path and 18% on the street. Call us at 1-800-706-3000 or fill out a free case evaluation form. The American Journal of Otolaryngology published a study on scooter-related head and face injuries, which found that the most common injuries were closed-head injuries, including concussions and bleeding or bruising of the brain. The study found that 66% of people injured in electric scooter accidents were not wearing a helmet. A scooter may not be able to travel faster than 24 mph on a flat surface. (b) If the power source is an internal combustion engine, its piston or rotor has a cylinder capacity of 35.01 to 50 cubic centimetres, regardless of the number of chambers of the power source. (4) is equipped with a power source that is unable to propel the vehicle at a speed of more than 24 miles per hour on flat ground, and:. You can claim compensation for your injuries and financial losses, including loss of income and more. In Oregon, you must have a special Class C driver`s license to drive a moped, and you must be at least 16 years old.

You cannot get an instruction license to drive a moped. The moped license is specific to driving a moped. A driver`s licence restricted to mopeds only allows the driving of mopeds. Driving a vehicle that does not meet the definition of a moped with a moped licence restricted to mopeds could result in a citation for driving a vehicle without a licence. Like motorcycles, car accidents often occur with moped and scooter drivers and cars because motorists simply do not see the driver of the moped or scooter. Unlike a motorcycle, a scooter or moped has no extra power to perform exhaust accident avoidance maneuvers.

Posted in Uncategorized

Sbi so Law Officer Syllabus

For the position of judicial officer, candidates must attempt 2 tests, which include a total of 170 questions. There are four main sections that candidates must prepare for the IBPS SO Law Officer exam. These are general awareness, English language, reasoning skills and professional knowledge. Here, candidates can view the professional syllabus for the IBPS SO Low Officer 2022 exam. Candidates applying for the SBI SO exam should inform themselves in advance about all the details of the SBI SO exam program and template. In addition, candidates can also refer to the official PDF of the program, important books and preparation strategies to improve their SBI specialist officer exam. Having a clear and concise idea of the exam syllabus and exam templates can give candidates the boost they need to pass the exam. As we know recently, the IBPS has published the IBPS SO 2022 recruitment notification on its official website. This is a golden opportunity for all candidates preparing for the bank exam. Here in this article, candidates can check out the IBPS SO exam syllabus and template for the Legal Officer position. However, this may be temporary and candidates who wish to sit for the SBI SO exam should familiarize themselves with the SBI SO sample exam before applying for the online exam.

The roles and responsibilities of the SO Officer depend on the position. There are several vacancies in the bank that are advertised every year. SBI Specialist Officer positions are – This article guides you step by step through an SBI SO exam, their schedule, time, questions, vacancies, salary, job profile, application, etc. All senior candidates in the banking sector must pass it once before registering for the exams. Candidates who wish to apply for the SBI SO exam must prepare for the exam. The SBI SO program plays a key role in preparing aspirants as it ensures that they don`t miss any important topics that may affect their chances of taking the exam. This article provided the subject-specific syllabus for SBI SO as well as the examination template. Read on to learn more about the SBI SO 2022 program. SBI SO Syllabus for Reasoning Ability is quite large and complex. You need to pay close attention to your preparation to do well in this section. Once you`re comfortable with the SBI SO Reasoning Ability program, you won`t feel much stress.

Refer to the SBI SO program for reasoning ability to get the most out of your preparation below: IBPS SO Law Officer Syllabus 2022: The program is an important part of any exam preparation. Candidates pursuing the IBPS SO 2022 exam should be familiar with the IBPS SO 2022 program for the pre and main exams. In this article, we have provided a comprehensive syllabus for the IBPS SO Law Officer 2022 program and a detailed list of topics for different sections that will help candidates understand what will be required in the upcoming exam. Before detailing the SBI SO exam program, candidates can review the highlights of the exam template and syllabus: The SBI SO questionnaire contains questions based on job types in the professional knowledge section. To achieve the highest score in this section, candidates should be familiar with the SBI SO 2022 program for IT managers, lawyers, accountants, statisticians, etc. The curriculum information for the various positions is listed below: See the table below for more information on postal selection criteria The State Bank of India (SBI) has issued the new notification for SBO SO Recruitment 2022 (CRPD/SCO-WEALTH-2022-23/14). The application process begins on August 31 and candidates can apply until September 20, 2022. A total of 665 vacancies will be announced for SBI SO 2022. Candidates with a degree or postgraduate degree are only eligible for the Specialized Executive Officer recruitment process.

The merit list for selection is drawn up only on the basis of the marks obtained by the candidates during the interview. See the SBI SO eligibility criteria here. The IBPS SO Prelims exam consists of three sections and candidates who qualify for the pre-examinations are called upon to the main examination. To qualify for the next level, students must have a good understanding of the exam pattern for the exam. The full template for the IBPS SO Law Officer 2022 exam can be found below. The selection process for all positions involves a round of interviews. For the position of System Officer (Test Engineer, Web Developer and Performance / Automation Test Engineer), the weighting of the interview is 30% and 70% for the online written test. The final list of SBI SO performances is drawn up on the basis of the marks received by the candidate at all stages, including the interview.

To find out which contribution selection process includes an interview, go through the SBI SO selection process. For the position of legal officer, candidates must attempt 2 papers – question 1 and question 2. Question 1 consists of 50 questions in English, while 70 questions are asked by Reasoning Ability. In question 2, specialist knowledge is tested for a maximum of 50 points. The details are as follows: Here we update the SBI SO Syllabus 2021-2022 for the post that was published on 28/09/2021 and ends on 18 October 2021. We will discuss the SBI Specialist Officer 2022 exam template on our website. Candidate volunteers can download the SBI SO PDF from the official www.sbi.co.in website. We hope this will take you to the next level by practicing the previous SBI SO documents.

You don`t have to worry about downloading last year`s documents, we are updating the download link for SBI SO question documents on our website. Could you please tell me what link I have to search for the SBI Assistant Manager (SECURITY ANALYST) exam specifically for professional knowledge documents? SBI SO Computer Organization and Microprocessor Program The banking exam consists of two basic levels. The online exam is the first step and consists of two tasks with different sections. All SBI SO candidates need to know what they are getting into and how to stand out from the competition. The audit for the System, HQ and Engineering Officer position is conducted in two parts. Candidates must try quizzes 1 and 2. Question Time No 1 lasts 90 minutes. Candidates are asked to answer 120 questions from three sections, namely English language, reasoning ability, quantitative ability. Similarly, the question in Task 2 will contain questions on professional knowledge. The detailed audit scheme was presented below: The State Bank of India conducts various audits annually to recruit staff for SBI specialist officer posts based on vacancies.

Posted in Uncategorized

San Pedro Legal Deutschland

If the cactus is found by customs, there may be difficulties, but possession of these cacti is legal in Germany. Only isolated mescaline falls under BtMG, not the fruiting body. For no reason, I was wondering if the San Pedro cactus was available for purchase in Germany? I know it was possible to buy it in the UK and it became illegal when mescaline was mined. Is this the case in Germany? I couldn`t find any related information online. Mescaline falls under the Narcotics Act and is therefore illegal in Germany. However, different rules apply to cacti containing mescaline. The possession, sale and acquisition of these cacti are permitted as long as the plants are not clearly intended for consumption. The ornamental plant is therefore also easy to find and buy commercially. 1 Sowing opium poppy is banned in Germany and you then go to prison for 5 years. Now papaver somniferum has appeared this year as a pioneer plant in my garden.

Does this mean that neighbors sowed it illegally or could it have been blown here around the world like Saharan dust? Although it is illegal to extract mescaline from San Pedro, it is legal to grow it as an ornamental. Mescaline itself is an illegal Schedule I substance under the Controlled Substances Act. This means that under U.S. law, its medical or recreational use in the country is currently unacceptable. This is because it has a high potential for abuse. Therefore, only academic researchers working with special DEA licenses are legally able to handle the substance. This is a list of the legal status of psychoactive cacti by country. These include peyote, San Pedro and Peruvian torch. Ah, how we all miss the 60s, especially since none of us were there. Where acid was once abundant, pure and at two dollars a time, it is now expensive; And while it`s not impossible, it`s even harder to find.

Well, don`t worry, because LSA, LSD`s chemical cousin, can be found legally in your nearest home depot or garden store. What I`m talking about are the seeds of Morning Glory, that purple-flowered vine that spreads through parks and beautiful suburban neighborhoods. And it turns out that if you eat about three hundred, you`d describe a powerful psychedelic SWIM (Someone Who Isnât Me) as strangely acidic. Tracers, patterns that slide down walls, thoughts about infinity and “Am I cool? I`m not, I`m cool, am I? The whole nine meters. However, the trip is accompanied by some nausea. I`ve never seen anyone do it without vomiting. And again, it`s a bit illegal to eat the seeds; So don`t do it. In fact, do not take drugs at all. Drugs are dangerous and illegal and will eventually lead to the dissolution of society, its laws and everything we hold dear. Drugs are a vicious scourge. While they are fun, cheap, and amazing, I`ve personally never done any and never will.

420. Our team: Our employees include lawyers with many years of experience in various areas of expertise as well as young lawyers. This means that our firm is constantly innovating and adapting to the needs of today`s world, allowing us to offer our clients the best legal talent in the region. Our goal: We are moving. We offer creative and innovative legal solutions that add value to our clients by taking the time to know and understand their business objectives, while always focusing on providing reliable and accurate legal services in the best interest. As described in the previous chapter, buying a San Pedro cactus is legal when used for botanical purposes. This cactus can therefore be found everywhere in Germany, in shops or on the Internet. Deep in the deserts of southwestern America is a small bud-shaped cactus called peyote. People have been eating peyote since about 3500 BC. J.-C. and still do, if not because of its so-called “spiritual” nature, rather than because of its murderous twelve-hour peak.

Unfortunately, due to overconsumption and its high illegality, there is not too much peyote. But fortunately, the psychedelic alkaloid of cacti, mescaline, also exists in the much larger and popular San Pedro, a cactus you can find everywhere from Lowe`s gear to your neighbor`s garden. Remember, while it`s not illegal to own San Pedro, it`s illegal to make an active beer. So whatever you do, DO NOT take twenty inches of cactus, wash it, remove it, mix the rest and cook the infusion for four hours until it takes on a brownish color; Then strain through a t-shirt and drink the bitter cellulose juice. This would trigger a strong but surprisingly mild high filled with visual distortions, waves of euphoria, peace, and skin tingling; Not to mention the legal consequences of extracting a Schedule 1 narcotic. DON`T DO IT! But remember, while it`s legal to grow San Pedro cactus, it`s not legal to extract mescaline from the plant. Due to its legality, you can buy San Pedro Cactus online and at many local garden centers. You can search online for “buy San Pedro Cactus” or even search for some of its synonyms like “Echinopsis pachanoi” to find out you`re getting the real thing.

So it seems to be a pretty muddy field here, and any manipulation focused on consuming these cacti is illegal AFAIK. See also relevant German legislation:BTMG The cactus itself is not illegal and can be grown for ornamental purposes, but any mescaline that may or may not be contained inside is very “verboten”. I was a bit shocked when I found the letter in the mailbox. I was surprised and came across my account PayPal that I was that day on ebay the so-called. The cactus “San Pedro” had ordered, because I grow exotic cacti. However, this can be purchased legally in Germany as long as it is not used for further processing as a medicine (mescaline), but only for growing cacti (which is the case for me as a cactus lover). Hello, thank you for the reply. So it is legal to buy it but illegal to grow it? What would be its legal status if I decided to make a tea out of it? It should be legal everywhere, it`s a natural wonder.

Before the (re)discovery of San Pedro in 1945, botanists were not aware of any cacti containing mescaline other than peyote. In 1970, mescaline and peyote were banned in the U.S. (and users faced up to 15 years in prison and/or a $25,000 fine). However, San Pedro seemed to have escaped the attention of lawmakers. People continued to sell it freely as a “natural and legal” psychedelic plant, and even popular garden centers continued to sell it. Yes, it is available here. Growing it for consumption, however, is illegal. I wanted to buy a peyote or a San Pedro cactus. However, because it contains mescaline in the BTMG, I wanted to ask if it is still legal in Germany. It would be an adult specimen and since I have not seen it in ordinary nurseries so far, I would have it sent to myself from the Netherlands.

Would there be any legal problems? In Trout`s opinion, “The USDA has worked very hard to try to keep the good San Pedros out of North America. They confiscate seeds. They limit the amount of cuttings that can be imported into the United States. And I suspect that if we had had the best all the time, it would be illegal. Hey, I wanted to know (important) if blue lotus is detectable in a urine screening. Since Spice is detectable, for example, I`m not sure because bl is one of them. But the Lotus is legal in Germany Spice etc more. I couldn`t find anything because I don`t know what BL`s active ingredient is. thx 🙂 International reach: The firm advises on local and cross-border transactions, assists some of the major international companies operating in the region and also provides legal assistance to local clients travelling abroad.

Posted in Uncategorized

Sales Invoice Legal Requirements

If an invoice was created without the services actually being rendered or the deliveries having taken place, it is an invoice. Invoices are available even if the issuer of the invoice is not actually a company. In such cases, the IRS reserves the right to deny the invoice recipient`s claim for deduction. Payment terms can simply be entered as: “Pay the balance within 30 days of the invoice date to the next bank account”. Alternatively, there are codes that you can enter as payment terms to specify a due date. These should be reserved for business-to-business (B2B) invoices, as consumers may not understand what the codes mean. The seller has a legal obligation to invoice the customer as soon as the product is sold or the services are provided. There is no legally required template for an invoice, although there are prescribed standards that you must meet in order to make your invoice legally binding. These are indirect taxes levied at the sub-national level, since the U.S. does not have a national sales tax system, each U.S. state has the authority to levy its own sales and use tax, which is constitutionally restricted in the U.S. Penalties are imposed for failure to file a return in a timely manner and pay taxes owing. Some states offer special indirect tax rules that provide some sort of exemption for occasional or wholesale sales.

Here are some of the questions that answer questions you might have when creating an invoice. These can help you choose between creating an invoice template and using invoicing software. If a freelancer works for a company for a period of time, they can avoid bureaucratic costs by not issuing an invoice for their work. Instead, they receive a credit note from the company as a fee. If you`ve started a business and sold products or services to customers, you may find that at some point you have to charge for them. But how do you write invoices and what information should be included? Make sure your invoices are clearly aligned with all the information a customer needs. Your goal is to make life as easy as possible for your customers, because that`s how they`ll come back and buy from you again. Keep in mind that satisfied customers are more likely to refer more people to you! Below are all invoicing requirements for all VAT taxable persons: The invoicing software, on the other hand, is specifically designed for creating invoices. This means that all local legal requirements are automatically added for you and you can email the invoice to your customer directly from the software.

An invoice can be used to declare the value of goods or services and determine customs duties on the shipment. Therefore, the information you provide must be accurate and verifiable. If your company is a limited liability company or LLP, your invoices must include the full name of the company as it appears on the Certificate of Incorporation, as well as the registration number and address of Companies House. If you include the name of an administrator/member on your invoice, you must include the names of all directors/members. There are some differences between bills in the United States and other countries. The biggest difference is that in the United States, there is no national sales tax like sales tax. Instead, each state has the power to make its own tax decisions. When determining how to write an invoice, you need to consider both federal and state law.

If you plan to give your invoices as collateral to a lender such as an invoice factoring company, you need to make sure that the invoice is satisfied in order to become an asset of the business. An incomplete invoice is just a piece of paper that has no value until the customer has accepted the delivery of services or products, and even then it is subject to the terms of the sales contract that may be mentioned in a supplier contract. (8) All charges for goods, broken down by name and amount, including freight, insurance, commission, suitcases, containers, blankets and packing costs; and, if not listed above, all fees, costs and expenses incurred in bringing the goods next to the carrier at the exporting country`s port of export and placing them next to the carrier at the first point of entry into the United States. The costs of packing, boxes, containers and inland freight up to the port of export do not need to be broken down by amount if they are included in the invoice price and therefore labelled. Where the required information does not appear on the invoice as originally drawn up, it shall be annexed to the invoice; 17 MFI: 17 of the month following the invoice date You must send your first invoice using a W9 form if you are a foreign entrepreneur or business entity. You do not need to attach it to subsequent invoices. Use the same tax rate regardless of the amount of the service charged. Partial invoices are created in the same way as complete invoices. Your invoice is a document you send from your company, so make sure it reflects your brand – think logo, colors, fonts, item description wording, and your payment terms.

Posted in Uncategorized

S & W Shield Legal in California

For safety, legal and regulatory reasons, our return policy does not apply to the following items: I can`t say enough about the M&P sign. It`s just a fantastic little hidden carrying gun, very comfortable to carry with nice decent capacity and the quality of Smith and Wesson. In my opinion, by far the best hidden porting option in an oppressive state like Commifornia and certainly a leading competitor in the rest of the free world. Buy one, you won`t regret it! Lifetime Warranty on Firearms: Impact Guns offers a lifetime warranty on firearms. We guarantee to replace or repair defective firearms for the life of the original purchaser. For more information, see our Lifetime Warranty Policy. Join us to take a look at our top 5 hidden bestsellers. Very fast shipping and excellent customer service. Very nice clean weapon. I will definitely order again from WBT. If a firearm is not picked up by the target merchant, the customer is responsible for the return shipping fee and the 6% restocking fee.

We will not charge your credit card until your product has been shipped, except for certain special orders. Please also note that some items are unique, difficult to obtain or unique, which is why Impact reserves the right to cancel your order if an item is not available. – Item number: 187021 – Model: M&P®9 compliant SHIELD™ AC – Caliber: 9mm – Capacity: 7+1, 8+1 – Safety: Thumb safety – Barrel length: 3.1″ (7.9 cm) – Total length: 6.1″ – Tore guard: White dot – Rear screen washer: White 2 points – Action: Striker Fire – Handle: Synthetic – Weight: 20.7oz / 586.8g – Common material: stainless steel – Sliding material: Stainless steel – Frame material: Polymer – Sliding finish: Armornite® – Frame finish: Black – Purpose: concealed wear, Personal protection, government compliance We usually ship FedEx and US POSTAL. If you need faster shipping, we can ship on the 2nd day or the next day for an additional fee. Estimated delivery times can be found on the product information page under the heading “Shipping at the latest”: Please note that all delivery times are estimates. For items in our warehouse, we usually ship within 3 business days. For items that are only available from distribution or other sources, the delivery time can be up to 10 business days. For items that are only available from the manufacturer, the delivery time may be a few weeks or more – subject to availability. – AC-compliant touch charging – Room display and store security – Extremely thin and light – Comfortable to wear all day – Polymer frame with integrated stainless steel rigid chassis system – Strike shot for short, uniform and uniform traction, every time – M&P`s patented disassembly lever and handle deactivation systems allow disassembly without pressing the trigger – Thumb lock Unilateral – Includes 2 chargers, one with extended capacity for Alaska and Hawaii residents – Your order MUST be shipped on the 2nd day or less. Most orders over $100 are shipped with a signature required to ensure they reach you. Products that have free shipping are only valid for the lower 48 states.

NOTE: We strive to ship your order as soon as possible. In certain circumstances, such as during the sale and after the weekend, we may not receive your order on time. Rest assured that we will ship your item as soon as possible.

Posted in Uncategorized

Rules of Spoons Game

The goal of the game is not to be the only player without a spoon at the end of the turn. Players can grab a spoon if they have a 4 in their hand or once the first spoon has been taken. Other fun games you can teach your kids: How to Play California Speed and How to Play the Dice Game Players are given four cards, one card at a time. The remaining deck is to the right of the dealer`s cards. Spoons are placed between all players. If you are the dealer, collect the cards as soon as possible and throw them away. You are NOT waiting for the first card to reach the whole circle of the table. Just keep picking it up and throwing it away. This allows the game to roll very quickly and makes the game more fun.

Spoons can be played with up to 13 people. Players take turns trying to collect four, and once someone does, everyone tries to take a spoon. If you are the player without a spoon, you will be assigned a letter. The last player to spell “spoon” wins. The deck of cards, spoons, is named after the utensil that each player is trying to win a chance, as well as the word that everyone is trying not to spell. Do the rules seem confusing to you? This is really not the case. For young players: Use plastic spoons instead of metal spoons so that young children are less likely to curl when two children take the same spoon. For a crazier game: If you`re in a large area with a lot of space, place the spoons across the room rather than in the middle. This way, someone who wants to grab a spoon has to get up and run to get a spoon. Looking for a touch to the game you know and love? Discover Golden Spoons, a fun card game based on the classic game Spoons. Run to combine four cards and grab a mission token. The first to accomplish his mission by collecting the 5 tokens is the winner! Spoons is a classic card game that combines the simple fun of matching games with the hectic thrill of musical chairs.

While spoons may seem confusing or complicated at first, they are incredibly easy to learn and absolutely fun to play. For wild play: Include wildcards when mixing the game. They act like pranksters. For an outdoor game: Don`t have spoons with you? Pick up sticks or leaves, or use coins instead. The spoon game is fantastic for several reasons. First of all, it is very easy to learn and play, which means that young children can play. Secondly, it`s very fast and a lot of fun, which means that teenagers want to participate too. And third, it works great for groups of all sizes (although it`s more fun if you have at least 3-4 people).

Know that this game will make everyone laugh! Spoons is a smart card game that can be played by both children and adults. This card game is also called pig and tongue. Despite the name, spoons are not required to play these versions of the game. Just like Old Maid, this fun family game can accommodate a large number of players: it can be played with only three people, but it is best played with six to 13 players. To play the Spoons card game, you need a deck of cards, 3 to 13 players and enough spoons to have one less than the number of players. The goal of the game is to be the last player left. If you find yourself without a spoon, you`re out! To set up the game, sit in a circle and place the spoons in the middle of the play area. Then, deal 4 cards to each player and place the rest of the cards face down on a pile. Start the game by asking the dealer to take a card from the top of the deck.

The dealer places this card in his hand and then hands one of the other cards in his hand to the player to his left. This player then hands one of his cards to the player on the left. This continues around the circle, with the dealer continuing to draw cards from the deck and the last player in the circle placing his cards in a pile of discards. If you pass cards, try to get 4 of one type. Once you have 4 of a kind, take one of the spoons. At this point, anyone can take a spoon. If you stay without a spoon, you`re outside. Then the next round begins. Keep playing tricks until there is only one player left! To download a printable rulesheet, read on! Longer versions of the game don`t immediately force players to give up if they don`t grab a spoon. If a player loses in this variant, they receive an “S”.

The trick is repeated with the same number of spoons. The player continues to play until he spells S.P.O.O.N, which means that he has lost a total of five turns. When this happens, they are eliminated from the game and a spoon is removed from the game. The last player who grabs a spoon, touches his nose or sticks out his tongue loses and is eliminated from the game. Remove a deck of four cards from the deck and play another turn. The game begins with the dealer looking at the top card of the deck and changing it with one of the cards in his hand or passing it face down on the table on the left. Once a card has been dealt on the left, the next player can pick up the card and change or pass a card. At the same time, the dealer looks at the next top card in the deck. To play the Spoons version, you`ll also need a spoon for every player except one. Example: If you have eight players, you need seven spoons.

No additional equipment is required for pork and tongue. As soon as someone takes four species in his hand, he grabs one of the middle spoons. When a player collects four of a kind, they perform one of the following actions, depending on the version of the game being played: All you need to play spoons is a deck of cards and a few spoons. You need one less spoon than letting people play (so if you let 8 people play, you need 7 spoons). If you don`t have a spoon, you deserve a letter in the word “spoon”: first “S”, then “P”, etc. Someone wins one letter per turn. Players are out of the game once they spell “spoon” and the winner is the one still inside. Shuffle the cards and deal them to the players.

Each player has four cards. When playing spoons, place the spoons in the middle of the table so that any player can reach them. Note: Players often try to be sneaky when it comes to grabbing a spoon so that others continue to play the game without realizing that a spoon has been drawn. A standard deck of 52 cards is used, plus a certain number of spoons that use one spoon less than the number of players playing in the game Hi, I am a school mental therapist with a $0 budget, but I have a deck of cards. Is there a way to print all the games without the ads cutting out the words? I love card games and I can use them in so many ways. Thank you for your help! For a shorter game: Instead of winning letters, the person who does not receive a spoon is immediately out. We had so much fun back then! We had fun with all sorts of super simple things like playing toilet trailers and digging in the dirt. That`s right, digging in the earth is fun. In an effort to introduce my children to the simple pleasures of my childhood, I taught them some of the simple card games we played back then. Recently, I taught them how to play spoons, and they`re hooked! When a spoon is grabbed, all the other players also try to grab one of the remaining spoons.

www.grandparents.com/grandkids/activities-games-and-crafts/spoons Once a player has a four of some kind, don`t announce it and quickly reach out in the middle to grab a spoon. Once the first player has grabbed a spoon, all other players should follow as quickly as possible despite their hand. The player who remains without a spoon is out. The game continues with one less spoon until there are two players and one spoon. Some variants consider the last two players of the game as joint winners. Spoons is a fun and easy to learn card game for two or more players. Don`t be the player without a spoon at the end of the turn! Find the video tutorial and written explanation on how to play card game spoons below. The player without a spoon receives a letter. Once a player receives six letters of spelling spoons, they are out of the game. A game can be played with a longer or shorter word to change the duration of the game.

If a player is eliminated, remove one of the spoons from the center. The last player remaining in the game wins. Spoons is a quick matching game, also known as language. It`s a multi-turn game that involves matching, grabbing and sometimes bluffing. Similar to musical chairs, there is one spoon less than there are players per turn. Once a player has four cards of the same rank in his hand, he grabs a spoon in the middle of the table. A player finds himself without a spoon at the end of the turn and is out. The game will continue until there remains one player who is declared the winner. Start the game by placing all the spoons in the middle of the table. Then, the dealer can deal four cards to each player. The dealer must keep the remaining cards in a pile on the table.

In today`s article: Spoon game is easy to learn and fun. It is perfect for large or small groups and fun for all ages.

Posted in Uncategorized

Rules for Making a Matchstick Pattern of W Is

This unit provides an opportunity to focus on the strategies students use to solve digital problems. The matching patterns are all based on linear relationships. This means that the increase in the number of matches needed for the term “next” is a constant number added to the previous term. This is level 1; Linear sequences of matching patterns. ∴ The pattern of the letter T is 2n, where n = number of matches T can be formed by multiplying the number of sticks needed to form the letters by the variable n, where n is the number of letters. The models of the letters (a) T (b) Z (c) U (d) V (e) E (f) S (g) A require (a) 2n (b) 3n (c) 3n (d) 2n (e) 5n (f) 5n and (g) 6n respectively. Filling in the first three cells of the table is simply counting the number of matches needed to create the first three models. This week we looked at the models in mathematics that were created with matches We spent the first semester, the second semester, . the tenth mandate, .

and so on, trying to find a relationship between the number of matches and the number of the term. For example, we looked at this model with correspondences: relationships can be represented in several ways. The purpose of representations is to allow the prediction of other terms and the corresponding value of other variables in an increasing model. For example, representations can be used to determine the number of matches required to create the tenth term in the model. Important representations include: Ex 11.1, 1 Find the rule that specifies the number of matches required to create the following matching patterns. Use a variable to write the rule. (a) A pattern of the letter T like the letter T Make T using matches So, for the IT number for matches = 2 For 2T number for matches = 4 For the number 3T for matches = 6 So we write number of matches = 2n where n = number of T Ex 11.1, 1 Find the rule that indicates the number of matches, that are required to create the following matching patterns. Use a variable to write the rule. (b) Make a model of the letter Z as the letter Z Z with a correspondence So, for 1Z Number of matches = 3 For 2Z Number of matches = 6 For 3Z Number of matches = 9 So we write, number of matches = 3n, where n = number of Z. Ex 11.1, 1 Find the rule that specifies the number of matches required to create the following matching patterns.

Use a variable to write the rule. (c) A pattern of the letter U asLetter U Make U with matches So, for 1U Number of matches = 3 Similar for 2U Number of matches = 6 For 3U Number of matches = 9 So we write, number of matches = 3n, where n = number of U. Ex 11.1, 1 Find the rule that indicates the number of matches, that are required to create the following matching patterns. Use a variable to write the rule. (d) A sample of the letter V asletter V Creating V with matches So, for 1V Number of matches = 2 Similar for 2V, Number of matches = 4 For 4V, Number of matches = 6 So we write, number of matches = 2n, where n = number of V. Ex 11.1, 1 Find the rule indicating the number of matches required to perform the following matching patterns. Use a variable to write the rule. (e) A sample of the letter E as the letter E Make E with correspondences So, for an E Number of matches = 5 For 2E, number of matches = 10 For 3E, number of matches = 15 So we write, number of matches = 5n, where n = number of E. Example 11.1, 1 Find the rule that specifies the number of matches, that are required to create the following matching patterns. Use a variable to write the rule.

(f) An example of the letter S asEx 11.1, 1 Find the rule that specifies the number of matches required to create the following matching patterns. Use a variable to write the rule. (f) A pattern of the letter S asSo, For an S, Number of matches = 5 Similar, For 2S, Number of matches = 10 For 3S, Number of matches = 15 So we write, number of matches = 5n, where n = number of S. Ex 11.1, 1 Find the rule that specifies the number of matches required to create the following matching patterns. Use a variable to write the rule. (g) Make a model of the letter A as letter A A with correspondences So, for 1A, number of matches = 6 For 2A, number of matches = 12 For 3A, number of matches = 18 So we write number of matches = 6n where n = number of A (A) If we remove 1 match from each figure, then they make a multiple of 3, i.e. 3, 6, 9, 12, … The required equation = 3x + 1, where x is the number of squares. (B) If we remove 1 match from each figure, then they make a multiple of 2, i.e. 2, 4, 6, 8, .. The required equation = 2x + 1, where x is the number of triangles.

Vey-un has another way to calculate the number of matches for a pattern of 10 triangles. He wrote 10 x 3 – 9 and got the same number of matches as Kiri and Jamie, 21. We already know the rule for the pattern of the letters L, C and F. Some of the letters of Q.1 (data above) give us the same rule as that of L. What is it? Why is this happening? The context of this unit can be tailored to your students` interests and cultural backgrounds. Matches are an inexpensive and accessible resource, but may not be of interest to your students. You might be more interested in other thin objects such as leaves or lines on tapa (kapa) fabric. You can find growth patterns in the friezes on the buildings of the municipality. Be aware of learning opportunities that connect to your students` everyday experiences. Encourage students to think about linear models by focusing on the different strategies that can be used to calculate consecutive numbers in the model. For example, the pattern of the path of the triangle of 9 matches can be seen in different ways: 3 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 3 + 3 X 2 1 + 4 X 2 (A) Look at the following matching pattern of squares (see figure).

The squares are not separated. Two adjacent fields have a common match. Look at the patterns and find the rule that shows the number of matches versus the number of squares. (Note: If you remove the vertical stick at the end, you will get a pattern of Cs.) (B) The given figure gives a pattern of triangle correspondence. As in Exercise 11(A) above, you will find the general rule that specifies the number of matches in relation to the number of triangles. Note: All templates used in this unit are available in PowerPoint 1 for easy sharing with a data projector or similar. This unit builds the concept of a relationship with growth patterns created with matches. A relationship is a connection between the value of one variable (variable quantity) and another.

For matching models, the first variable is the term, i.e. the number of steps in the figure, for example term 5 is the fifth number in the growth model. The second variable is the number of matches needed to create the figure. (A) Number of matches required to create one = 2 ∴ number of matches required to create a pattern of letter T as = 2n (B) Number of matches required to create one = 3 ∴ number of matches required to create a pattern from the letter Z = 3n (C) number of matches, required to create a = 3 ∴ number of matches required to create a pattern from the letter U as = 3n (D) number of matches required to make one = 2 ∴ number of matches required to create a pattern from the letter V as = 2n (E). Number of matches required to create one = 5∴ number of matches required to create a pattern of letter E as = 5n (F) Number of matches required to create one = 5∴ number of matches required to create a pattern from the letter S = 5n (G) number of matches, required to create one = 6∴ number of matches required to create a pattern from the letter A as = 6n In this session, we will examine a simple pattern created by merging matches into a contiguous path of triangles. Radha draws a rangoli dot (a beautiful pattern of lines connecting the dots) with chalk powder. She has 9 points in a row. How many points will you get for r lines? How many points are there if there are 8 lines? If there are 10 lines? In the given model, two matches are used. ∴To create 1 such template, we need 2 matches. ∴To create 2 of these templates, we need 2×2=4 matches. ∴To create 3 such templates, we need 2×3=6 matches. The unit examines patterns created with matches and tiles.

The relationship between the number of the term of a model and the number of matches of that term is studied to find a general rule that can be expressed in different ways. You may have noticed the number of additional matches needed to create the next pattern in the sequence. It`s the same every time you change one model for the next. In this case, it`s 5. The ideas of the first three sessions will be expanded and strengthened in a broader context. This time, the problem gives a rule and the students find the model. For more details on developing representations for growth models, see pages 34-38 of Book 9: Teaching Number through Measurement, Geometry, Algebra, and Statistics.

Posted in Uncategorized

Rule of Law and Legal Positivism

It is a question of the content of all legal systems. Where there is law, there is morality, and they regulate the same things by analogous techniques. Of course, to say that law deals with the subject of morality does not mean that it works so well, and to say that all legal systems create obligations does not mean to approve of the duties thus created. This term differs from Hart`s thesis of “minimal content,” according to which there are basic rules of violence, property, fidelity and kinship that any legal system must encompass if it is aimed at the survival of social beings like us (Hart 1961 [2012: 193-200]). Hart sees this as a matter of “natural necessity” and is willing to relativize his support for the separability thesis to this extent. But even a society that prefers national glory or the worship of gods to survival will impose on its legal system the same tasks as its morality. Unlike the rules of a gym, the law is broad in scope and achieves the most important things in any society. Indeed, our most pressing political concerns about the law and its demands stem from this very ability to regulate our most vital interests, and the broad scope of the law must play a role in any dispute about its legitimacy. (A clear argument, most developed by Raz (1994) and Gardner (2012a), is that the law not only deals with moral issues, but also makes moral claims about us.

For criticism, see. Kramer, 1999: 83-9; Duarte d`Almeida and Edwards, 2014.) These internal principles, according to Fuller, constitute morality because law necessarily has positive moral value in two ways: (1) law contributes to a state of social order, and (2) does so by respecting human autonomy because rules guide behavior. Since no set of rules can achieve these morally valid goals without adhering at least to the principles of legality, Fuller argues that they constitute morality. Since these moral principles are integrated into the conditions of existence of the law, they are internal and therefore represent a conceptual link between law and morality incompatible with the theory of separability. Dworkin`s rich and complex arguments elicited various responses from positivists. One response denies the relevance of phenomenological claims. Controversy is a matter of degree, and a host of it that destroys consensus is not proven by the existence of contradictory arguments before the supreme courts or even before the courts. Equally important is the wide range of permanent law, which leaves little doubt and guides social life outside the courtroom (cf.

Leiter 2009). As for the diversity argument, far from being a refutation of positivism, it is a consequence of it. Positivism does not identify the law with all valid reasons for decision, but only with the subset of these based on the source. It is not part of the positivist assertion that the recognition rule tells us how to decide cases, or even identifies all the relevant reasons for a decision. Positivists accept that moral, political, or economic considerations are really effective in making legal decisions, as are linguistic or logical considerations. The modus ponens applies both inside and outside the courts, but not because it has been adopted by the legislature or decided by the judges, and the fact that there is no social rule confirming both modus ponens and municipal law is true but irrelevant. The authority of the principles of logic (or morality) is not something that can be explained by the philosophy of law; the authority of Parliament`s actions must be; And taking difference into account is a central task of legal philosophy. Hart understands his legal theory as both descriptive and general in that it captures the fundamental characteristics common to all legal systems – which presupposes a point of view that lies outside all legal systems. For this reason, he sees his project as “an undertaking radically different from Dworkin`s conception of legal theory (or `jurisprudence` as he often calls it), as partially evaluative and justifiing, and as `oriented towards a particular legal culture`, which is usually that of the theorist and, in Dworkin`s case, that of Anglo-American law” (Hart 1994, 240). Unlike all forms of naturalism, legal positivism is roughly composed of three theoretical obligations: (i) the thesis of the social fact, (ii) the thesis of conventionality and (iii) the thesis of separability. The social fact thesis (also known as the genealogical thesis) asserts that it is necessary that legal validity ultimately be a function of certain types of social facts. The conventionality thesis emphasizes the conventional nature of law and asserts that the social facts that lead to legal validity are decisive because of some kind of social convention.

The separability thesis, at the most general level, simply denies the overlapping naturalism thesis; According to the separability thesis, there is no conceptual overlap between the concepts of law and morality. Hart responded by rejecting Fuller`s assertion that the principles of legality are an inner morality; according to Hart, Fuller confuses the terms morality and efficiency: [secondary rules] can all be called primary rules at a different level, for they all concern such rules; In the sense that if primary rules deal with actions that individuals do or do not have to do, these secondary rules concern all primary rules themselves. They determine how primary rules can be conclusively established, introduced, eliminated, modified, and the fact of their violation conclusively established (Hart, 1994, p. 92). These three theses establish links between law and morality that are both necessary and of great importance. Each of them is consistent with the positivist thesis that the existence and content of the law depend on social facts and not on the merits of the law. Each of them contributes to the understanding of the nature of the law. The once popular notion that legal positivism insists on the separability of law and morality is therefore grossly false. Accordingly, according to Dworkin, theoretical disagreement on key cases such as Riggs is incompatible with semantic legal theories because it shows that common criteria do not exhaust the appropriate conditions for the application of the legal concept. Indeed, the majority and the dissenting judges in Riggs had reasonable disagreement on the law, even though it was a crucial case involving validity criteria. Therefore, Dworkin concludes, the concept of law cannot be explained by what is called the semantics of criteria.

Dworkin provides a hypothetical justification for consent to his limited legal paternalism. In his view, there are a number of different situations in which completely rational adults would accept paternalistic restrictions on freedom. For example, Dworkin believes that a fully rational adult would accept paternalistic restrictions to protect him or her from “far-reaching, potentially dangerous and irreversible” decisions (G. Dworkin 1972, p. 80). Nevertheless, he argues that there are limits to legitimate paternalism: (1) the state must demonstrate that the conduct determined by the proposed restriction involves the kind of harm a rational person wants to avoid; (2) according to a fully rational person`s calculations, the potential harm outweighs the benefits of the relevant behaviour; and (3) the proposed restriction is the least restrictive alternative to harm protection. According to positivism, the source of a law is the establishment of that law by a socially recognized legal authority. The merits of a law are another matter: it may be a “bad law” by a certain standard, but if it has been added to the system by a legitimate authority, it is still a law.

Posted in Uncategorized